Fig. 1

Classification of pre-lithiation technology"

Fig. 2

(a) Schematic illustration of the electrochemical prelithiation of c-SiO x electrode[10]; (b) principle of the prelithiation by using electrolytic cell[11]; (c) graphical illustration of sacrificial electrode prelithiation method[12]"

Fig. 3

(a) Schematic diagrams of the prelithiation of SiNWs electrode[14]; (b) the first cycle electrochemical performance of SiNWs before and after prelithiation[14]; (c) graphical illustration of the impact of Si particle size on the prelithiation behavior of Si/C composite electrode[15]; (d) schematic illustration of RBL(resistace buffer layer)-regulated prelithiation process[16]"

Fig. 4

(a) Schematic diagrams of the preparation procedure of DSM-Si[27]; (b) schematic diagrams of the prelithiation procedure of negative electrode by Li-Bp[28]; (c) schematic illustration of Li-Naph prelithiation[29]"

Fig. 5

(a) Schematic diagram describing chemical lithiation of Si-based anodes and SEI formation depending on redox potential of the Li-BP complex[36]; (b) geometrical configurations and HOMO energy levels of the Li-Bp-solvent complexes formed by Li-Bp in three ethers solvent of DME, THF, and 2-Me-THF, respectively[37]; (c) geometrical configurations of the Li-Bp-solvent complexes formed by Li-Bp in three ethers solvent of DME and THP[38]; (d) schematic illustration of roll-to-roll prelithiation method on Sn electrode[39]"

Fig. 6

(a) Cartoon of the effect of pressure-activation of the SLMP[51]; (b) the effect of pressure-activation on the SLMP prelithiation[51]; (c) schematic illustration of design and fabrication process of micrometre-scale lithium source[52]"

Fig. 7

Schematic illustration of (a) the structure of lithium silicide-lithium oxide nanoparticals(Li2O@Li x Si NPs)[65]; (b) the artificial SEI coating formed on the surface of Li x Si NPs[66] and (c) the structure of Li x Si/Li2O composite[67]; (d) the binding energy (Eb) of Li with Z (Z = Si, Ge and Sn)[68]"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic illustration of Li3N deposition on the LiCoO2 surface and full cell performance[69]; (b) schematic structure of the preparation of M/Li2O additive[70]; (c) schematic diagram of the preparation of Li2S-PAN slurry and LFP/Li2S-PAN composite electrode[71]; (d) schematic diagram of Li3P/rGO complex used as cathode lithium supplement additive[72]"

Fig. 9

(a) Mechanistic diagram of the principle of modulating the bonding energy of O—M moiety[83]; (b) schematic diagram of Li2CO3 decomposition catalyzed by LiCoO2[84]; (c) specific capacity-voltage curve and gas evolution of the electrochemical oxidation decomposition of Li2C2O4[85]"

Fig. 10

(a) Electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4 in half-cell configuration. Insert: cycling performance[95]; (b) the first charge curves of Li1.04NMO and Li1.62NMO in half cells[96]; (c) electrochemical performance of LR-Ni65||Si/graphite and Ni65||Si/graphite pouch cells and the cartoon of the structure of LR-Ni65; (d) the first cycle performance of Li3V2(PO4)3 in half cells[97]"

Table 1

The comparison of electrochemical performance of the Li-ion batteries before and after anode pre-lithiation"

Table 2

The “donor” capacity of cathode pre-lithiation reagent and its impact on battery performance"

Fig. 11

Comparison of the characteristics of different pre-lithiation technologies, including electrochemical pre-lithiation, contact lithium metal, chemical pre-lithiation, lithium-rich additives (anode), lithium-rich additives (cathode), and over-lithiated cathode"