Fig. 1

Carbon neutral targets of different countries[2]"

Fig. 2

Numbers of publications and patents over the past 20 years, and the proportions of different energy storage technologies (Scopus, key word is energy storage technology)"

Fig. 3

Melting temperatures and latent heat of pure molten salts [17]"

Fig. 4

Different methods to retain the PCM from leakage"

Fig. 5

Screening of salt hydrates for thermochemical storage[61]"

Table 1

Matrices used to formulate composite thermochemical energy storage materials"

Table 2

Typical salt hydrates based composite thermochemical materials"

Fig. 6

3 in 1 system potential material’s selection diagram[71]"

Fig. 7

The compressed layer created by the nanoparticle[87-88]"

Fig. 8

Development of the fabrication methods for composite energy storage materials"

Fig. 9

Mix-sintering methods to fabricate the composite phase change materials"

Fig. 10

Manufacturing line and a batch of the prepared composite PCM (picture from Jinhe Energy Ltd.)[101]"

Table 3

Thermal properties of the samples prepared in lab and in the factory (data from Jinhe Energy Ltd.)"

Table 4

Guidance for the applications of metals under different corrosion rates [102]"

Table 5

Chemical compatibility between the low-temperature PCMs and different metals[102]"

Fig. 11

Visual observation of metal sheets immersed in Solar Salt at 500 ℃[105]"

Fig. 12

Photographs of carbonate salt tested with (a) non-graphitized and (b) graphitized SS347 at 600 ℃ for 600 h. Photographs of (c) non-graphitized and (d) graphitized SS347 tested in the carbonate salt at 600 ℃ for 600 h"

Fig. 13

Different types of the PCM based heat exchangers"

Fig. 14

Different finned shell-and-tube heat exchangers"

Table 6

Thermal performances of different flat plate heat exchangers [135-141]"

换热板名称	板形装	传热 面积①/m2	结构体积 变化①/%	放热 时长/h
平板		0	0	5.51
波纹板		2.15	4.95	3.95
梯形板		2.15	4.96	3.69
圆弧板		2.27	5.21	4.63
锯齿板		2.66	6.12	3.62
中空四边形板		2.84	6.61	3.24
中空半圆板		2.84	7.18	3.61
X形板		3.27	7.60	3.88
Z形板		3.39	7.82	3.21
交叉板		3.75	8.66	2.64

Fig. 15

Composite PCM modules for latent heat storage devices and the establishment of the dynamic correlations between the devices and the PCM modules"

Fig. 16

Operating temperatures and time ranges for different TES technologies[3]"

Fig. 17

Thermal management technologies coupled with thermal energy storage[3]"

Fig. 18

“Cold storage cubic” by using PCM based energy storage technologies[150-151]"

Fig. 19

Experimental setup (left); inlet/outlet temperature of the evaporative cooler of two-stage system (right)[162]"

Table 7

The absorptive/adsorptive thermochemical energy storage systems"

Fig. 20

The liquid air energy storage pilot plants"

Fig. 21

Basic principle of a standalone liquid air based cryogenic energy storage system"

Table 8

Worldwide installation of thermal energy storage systems"