Research on cooling effect of dual-fluid spray on thermal runaway in lithium batteries: An orthogonal experiment study

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0566

Abstract

Abstract:

Thermal runaway in lithium batteries is characterized by rapid temperature increases, easy propagation, and complex chemical reactions, making it difficult for conventional fire protection measures to quickly extinguish and cool affected batteries. This study proposes a low-pressure dual-fluid atomization spray fire protection system utilizing CO₂ and water, specifically designed for the fire protection and cooling of thermally runaway lithium batteries within liquid-cooled battery packs. The system monitors temperature changes both within the battery pack and individual batteries. An orthogonal experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of dual-fluid spray parameters on the cooling effect of thermally runaway lithium batteries, analyzing the impact of these factors on the results. Experimental findings demonstrate that the dual-fluid spray exhibits excellent diffusion characteristics within the battery pack, effectively cooling the thermally runaway battery located directly beneath the atomizing nozzle. Increased gas pressure, higher water flow rates, and a greater number of nozzle holes enhance droplet diffusion and significantly reduce battery cooling time. Among these factors, the atomizing gas pressure exerts the most significant influence on the experimental outcomes. Under optimal conditions, the dual-fluid spray system rapidly cools thermally runaway batteries to safe temperatures and effectively suppresses further heat propagation. This study's findings indicate that the proposed system surpasses traditional fire protection methods in terms of cost, environmental impact, and cooling effectiveness, presenting a novel solution for designing fire protection systems in energy storage stations and cabinets.

Key words: lithium iron phosphate battery, thermal runaway, dual-fluid, orthogonal experiment, cooling, liquid cooled battery pack

CLC Number:

TM 912

Pengjie ZHU, Wei LI, Chu ZHANG, Hao SONG, Beibei LI, Xiumei LIU, Lili LIU. Research on cooling effect of dual-fluid spray on thermal runaway in lithium batteries: An orthogonal experiment study[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(11): 4177-4186.

Figures/Tables 11

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消防系统	优点	缺点
细水雾	快速扑灭明火并降温	绝缘性差，易造成水渍灾害
七氟丙烷	快速扑灭明火	降温效果差，具有复燃风险
CO₂	快速扑灭明火，具有一定降温作用	降温效果差，可复燃
全氟己酮	快速扑灭明火并降温	成本高，对热失控抑制作用不明显
干粉	快速扑灭明火	无法阻止电池内副反应，可复燃
气溶胶	能扑灭明火	无法降温，可复燃

水平组数	影响因素
水平组数	P/MPa	Q/(L/min)	N
1	0.1	0.5	2
2	0.2	1	3
3	0.3	1.5	4
4	0.4	2	5
5	0.5	2.5	6

序号	影响因素				降温时间 t/s
序号	P/MPa	Q/(L/min)	N	误差	降温时间 t/s
1	0.1	0.5	2	1	2289
2	0.1	1	4	4	2166
3	0.1	1.5	6	2	1449
4	0.1	2	3	5	1789
5	0.1	2.5	5	3	1087
6	0.2	0.5	6	4	1458
7	0.2	1	3	2	1857
8	0.2	1.5	5	5	1589
9	0.2	2	2	3	1464
10	0.2	2.5	4	1	1261
11	0.3	0.5	5	2	1342
12	0.3	1	2	5	1671
13	0.3	1.5	4	3	1468
14	0.3	2	6	1	1017
15	0.3	2.5	3	4	1178
16	0.4	0.5	4	5	1620
17	0.4	1	6	3	1196
18	0.4	1.5	3	1	1512
19	0.4	2	5	4	1034
20	0.4	2.5	2	2	1058
21	0.5	0.5	3	3	1220
22	0.5	1	5	1	1056
23	0.5	1.5	2	4	1240
24	0.5	2	4	2	1185
25	0.5	2.5	6	5	956

项目	不同因素影响的降温时间/t
项目	气体压力	液体流量	气孔数量	误差
综合平均值1	1756	1585.8	1544.4	1427
综合平均值2	1525.8	1589.2	1511.2	1378.2
综合平均值3	1335.2	1451.6	1540	1287
综合平均值4	1284	1297.8	1221.6	1415.2
综合平均值5	1131.4	1108	1215.2	1525
极差R	624.6	481.2	329.2	238

影响因素	离差平方和	自由度	均方	F值	p值	显著性
气体压力	1160763	4	290191	7.84	0.036	显著
液体流量	842399	4	210600	5.69	0.060	相对显著
气孔数量	592922	4	148231	4.00	0.104	不显著
误差	148097	4	37024	1.00