Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of various interface problems in the solid-state batteries of sulfide SSEs[21]"

Fig. 2

(a) Photographic images of mixtures of LPS and LGPS powders with the liquids G3, Li(G3)4, and LiG3 after being kept for 7 d; (b) Schematic diagrams of the reactivity of LiG3 solution series with electrolytes[37]"

Fig. 3

(a) Charge-discharge profiles of the Li@LiF|LPS(HFE)|LCO cell at current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 at room temperature[50]; (b) Schematic diagram of in situ formation of the Li x Mg/LiF solid electrolyte interphase between Li and LGPS after dropping liquid electrolyte onto the LGPS membrane surface[55]; (c) Time evolution of impedance response of the Li|LGPS|Li cell with 1 mol/L LiTFSI/IL at various storage times[56]"

Fig. 4

(a) Schematic diagram of solvate structure in battery with Li-Bp-DME liquid anode with PEO protective sulfide SSE; (b) Schematic illustration of the symmetric coin cell used for CCD detection; (c) Voltage profiles of the symmetric cell using PEO protective layer at step-increased current densities[61]"

Fig. 5

(a) Cross-sectional SEM images of the batteries based on (a1) SBS-COOH and (a2) BR binders after the 40th cycle[73]; (b) Potential energy of dispersed particles and the existence of two energy minima as a function of distance between particles in a dispersion as explained by the DLVO theory[74]; (c) Galvanostatic charge–discharge profiles at 0.05 and 0.5 C of S//Li-In cells with the SSE film and the SSE pellet[75]; (d) Nyquist plots in AC impedance measurement of the thin and thick SSEs[76]"

Fig. 6

(a) Schematic illustration of the ultrathin SSE membrane fabrication[86]; (b) Photo of LLZTO, Li3InCl6 and Li6PS5Cl membranes with thickness of 20 μm[88]"

Fig. 7

(a) Schematic diagram of synthesis of dual shell LGPS@LNO@LCO[92]; (b) The high-resolution TEM image of the as-obtained Li2S-LPSC-C nanocomposite[93]; (c) Schematic diagram of the infiltration process of conventional LIB composite electrodes[98]"

Fig.8

(a) Schematic illustration of the protection-deprotection chemistry between the polymeric binder and active material in the composite cathode[104]; (b) The fabrication of bipolar stacked battery through layer-by-layer stacking; (c) Charge/discharge profiles of bipolar battery at the first three cycles[105]"