储热技术研究进展与展望

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0538

储能科学与技术 ›› 2022, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (9): 2746-2771.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0538

储热技术研究进展与展望

姜竹¹(), 邹博杨¹, 丛琳¹, 谢春萍², 李传³, 谯耕⁴, 赵彦琦⁵, 聂彬剑¹, 张童童¹, 葛志伟⁶, 马鸿坤¹, 金翼⁷, 李永亮¹, 丁玉龙¹()

^1.伯明翰大学化工学院储能研究中心，英国伯明翰 B15 2TT
^2.伦敦政治经济学院格兰瑟姆气候变化与环境研究所，英国伦敦 WC2A 2AE
^3.北京工业大学，传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验，北京 100124
^4.全球能源互联网欧洲研究院，德国柏林 10623
^5.江苏大学智能柔性机械电子研究院，江苏镇江 212013
^6.中国科学院工程热物理研究所，北京 100190
^7.江苏金合能源科技有限公司，江苏镇江 212499

收稿日期:2021-11-16 修回日期:2022-05-11 出版日期:2022-09-05 发布日期:2022-08-30
通讯作者: 丁玉龙 E-mail:z.jiang.2@bham.ac.uk;Y.ding@bham.ac.uk
作者简介:姜竹（1990—），女，博士，研究方向为复合相变和热化学储热材料、先进制造和规模化制备、熔融盐的腐蚀，E-mail：z.jiang.2@bham.ac.uk；
基金资助:
英国工程及物理科学研究委员会（EPSRC）资助项目(EP/S016627/1)

Recent progress and outlook of thermal energy storage technologies

Zhu JIANG¹(), Boyang ZOU¹, Lin CONG¹, Chunping XIE², Chuan LI³, Geng QIAO⁴, Yanqi ZHAO⁵, Binjian NIE¹, Tongtong ZHANG¹, Zhiwei GE⁶, Hongkun MA¹, Yi JIN⁷, Yongliang LI¹, Yulong DING¹()

^1.Birmingham Centre for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
^2.Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment (GRI), London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE ), London WC2A 2AE, UK
^3.MOE Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
^4.Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Europe GmbH, Berlin 10623, Germany
^5.Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
^6.Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^7.Jiangsu Jinhe Energy Technology Co. , Ltd. , Zhenjiang 212499, Jiangsu, China

Received:2021-11-16 Revised:2022-05-11 Online:2022-09-05 Published:2022-08-30
Contact: Yulong DING E-mail:z.jiang.2@bham.ac.uk;Y.ding@bham.ac.uk

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

储热技术在解决可再生能源间歇性问题和提高能源利用效率等方面发挥着重要作用。本文针对储热技术的研究进展，分别从材料、装置、系统、政策干预等方面进行了综述。针对储热材料的性能提升，本文对构建复合型储热材料的配方研究、材料特性的微观模拟研究，及其相关的制备技术进行了总结。此外，随着高温熔融盐储热材料在光热发电系统中的广泛应用，本文对其产生的高温腐蚀行为与腐蚀防护技术进行了概述。储热装置方面，本文重点介绍了板式、填充床式和管壳式储热单元的强化传热方法。储热系统与应用方面，本文对基于相变储热和热管理、热化学储热、液态空气储能的应用研究进行了概述。最后，储热技术的发展离不开适当的政策干预，因此本文对不同国家针对储热技术制定的相关政策进行了报道。

关键词: 显热储热, 相变储热, 热化学储热, 液态空气储能, 政策与经济

Abstract:

Thermal energy storage (TES) plays an important role in addressing the intermittency issue of renewable energy and enhancing energy utilization efficiency. This study focuses on recent progress in TES materials, devices, systems, and government policies. In terms of the TES materials, the formulation of composite TES materials (e.g., phase change and thermochemical materials) to improve material performance, molecular-scale simulation of the material properties, and the associated fabrication technologies have been summarized. Corrosion challenges of TES materials in practical applications were reviewed, especially high-temperature molten salt corrosion. Heat transfer enhancement measures of the slab type, packed bed, and tube-and-shell TES heat exchangers were discussed for TES devices. Besides, TES systems based on latent heat storage and thermal management, thermochemical heat storage, and liquid air energy storage, have been introduced. Finally, government policies of different countries to facilitate TES technology deployment were reported.

Key words: sensible heat storage, latent heat storage, thermochemical heat storage, liquid air energy storage, policies and economics

中图分类号:

TK 02

姜竹, 邹博杨, 丛琳, 谢春萍, 李传, 谯耕, 赵彦琦, 聂彬剑, 张童童, 葛志伟, 马鸿坤, 金翼, 李永亮, 丁玉龙. 储热技术研究进展与展望[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(9): 2746-2771.

Zhu JIANG, Boyang ZOU, Lin CONG, Chunping XIE, Chuan LI, Geng QIAO, Yanqi ZHAO, Binjian NIE, Tongtong ZHANG, Zhiwei GE, Hongkun MA, Yi JIN, Yongliang LI, Yulong DING. Recent progress and outlook of thermal energy storage technologies[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2746-2771.

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载体材料	常用种类	复合材料制备方法	优点	缺点
硅胶	介孔及微孔	溶胶凝胶法，干法浸渍	比表面积大，循环性好，脱附温度低，原料丰富，价格便宜	结构不稳定，制备过程相对复杂，对盐材料吸附率低
沸石	13X，4A，5A，Na-Y and Na-X	干/湿法浸渍	比表面积大，抗压强度高，结构和吸附性具有可调节性	脱附温度高，承载热化学材料比例低，价格相对较高
蛭石	2～8 mm	物理混合法，干/湿法浸渍	孔隙结构大，承载热化学材料比例高，原料丰富且价廉	孔隙体积变化大，吸水率低
膨胀石墨	3～10 mm	溶胶凝胶法，物理混合法以及干/湿法浸渍	热导率高，传质性能好，比表面积大	循环后易发生泄漏，制备过程中易破损或剥落，或需要真空浸渍制备，价格较高
活性碳	—	干/湿法浸渍	热导率高，毛细力大，吸附能力强，表面活性高	吸附能力易受外界条件影响，泄漏问题严重，承载热化学材料比例低，价格较高
金属有机骨架	介孔及微孔	干/湿法浸渍	比表面积极大，孔隙率高，吸附能力强，化学结构可调	合成过程复杂，价格昂贵，稳定性差

复合材料	制备方法	检测方法	充热温度 /℃	放热温 /℃	能量密度	循环次数	参考文献
沸石13X/MgCl₂	浸渍	TG-DSC，30～200 ℃， 1 K/min，20 mL/min N₂	200	30	1368 J/g	20	[66]
氧化石墨烯凝胶/ MgCl₂·6H₂O	水热和冷冻干燥	TG-DSC，25～400 ℃, 10 K/min，20 mL/min N₂			1598 J/g	—	[46]
膨胀天然石墨/CaCl₂	真空浸渍	TG-DSC，5 K/min， 50 mL/min N₂	200	25	1310 J/g	—	[67]
硅胶/CaCl₂	浸渍	TG-DSC-蒸汽发生器	80	30	1080.51 J/g	10	[54]
沸石13X/MgSO₄/ENG-TSA	混合和浸渍		250	25～40	120.3 kWh/m³ (550.86 J/g)	—	[72]
活性氧化铝/MgSO₄	浸渍		200	25～40	82.6 kWh/m³ (395.13 J/g)	—	[73]
蛭石/SrBr₂	浸渍	STA，20～300 ℃，5 K/min，30 mL/min N₂		30	1739.46 J/g (105.36 kWh/m³)	—	[74]
MOF/SrBr₂	浸渍	TG-DSC，30～80 ℃，1 K/min，50 mL/min N₂，1.25 kPa 水蒸气分压	80	30	233 kWh/m³	10	[65]
蛭石/LiCl	浸渍	TG-DSC	85	35	1890～2150 J/g	14	[68]

样品	体积密度 /g·cm^-3	抗压强度 /MPa	相变潜热 /kJ·kg^-1	相变温度 /℃	储热密度 /kJ·kg^-1
实验小样	2.09	16.44	209	499.5	441.9
规模化试样	1.81	14.41	192	491.5	429.7

腐蚀速率/[mg/(cm²·a)]	腐蚀速率/(mm/a)	应用建议
>1000	2	几天内完全损坏
100～999	0.1～1.99	使用时间不建议超过1个月
50～99	0.1～0.19	使用时间不建议超过1年
10～49	0.02～0.09	谨慎使用，应针对特定的使用场景
0.3～9.9	—	可长期使用
< 0.2	—	建议长期使用，几乎没有腐蚀影响

PCM	铜	不锈钢	碳钢	铝
PCM用于储冷(10～15 ℃)
S10	×	√	×	◊
C10	×	√	Δ	√
ZnCl₂·3H₂O	√	√	Δ	×
NaOH·1.5H₂O	×	√	◊	×
K₂HPO₄·6H₂O	◊	√	×	×
PCM用于储热(45.5～48.5 ℃)
S46	×	√	Δ	◊
C48	×	√	√	√
MgSO₄·7H₂O	×	√	×	√
Zn(NO₃)₂·4H₂O	×	√	×	×
K₃PO₄·7H₂O	×	√	√	×
Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O	×	√	◊	◊

储热技术研究进展与展望

Recent progress and outlook of thermal energy storage technologies

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(a)	金属	酸根
	金属	氟化	氯化	溴化	碘化	硫酸	硝酸	碳酸	铬酸	钼酸	钨酸
	锂	45	14	10	7	47	1	32	8	26	34
	钠	65	43	35	21	52	2	48	41	23	25
	钾	49	37	33	22	68	4	53	61	55	54
	铷	42	31	24	11	69	3	50	64	59	57
	铯	27	18	17	15	67	5	40	62	56	58
	镁	72	30	28	16	70	6	63	90	71	44
	钙	76	38	36	39	81	12	74	66	78	87
	锶	83	51	20	9	88	19	84	73	79	85
	钡	75	60	46	29	89	13	86	77	80	82
	相变材料代号 (b)

换热板名称	传热面积^①/m²	结构体积变化^①/%	放热时长/h
平板	0	0	5.51
波纹板	2.15	4.95	3.95
梯形板	2.15	4.96	3.69
圆弧板	2.27	5.21	4.63
锯齿板	2.66	6.12	3.62
中空四边形板	2.84	6.61	3.24
中空半圆板	2.84	7.18	3.61
X形板	3.27	7.60	3.88
Z形板	3.39	7.82	3.21
交叉板	3.75	8.66	2.64

应用	反应对	充能速度/kW	释能速度/kW	储能量/kWh	储能密度/kWh·m^-3	参考文献
太阳能制热	NaOH/H₂O	1 (95 ℃)	1 (70 ℃)	8.9	5	[165]
太阳能制冷	LiCl/H₂O	15 (87 ℃)	8(30 ℃)	35	86	[165]
制热	Zeolite 13X/H₂O	—	0.8～1.8 (55 ℃)	1	57.8	[165]
车载空调	Zeolite 13X/H₂O	—	4.1 (15 ℃)	5.5	167	[166]
太阳能制热	SrBr₂-Expanded Graphite /H₂O	—	2.5～4.0	40	214 Wh/kg	[167]
建筑空调	BaCl₂-Expanded /NH₃	7 ( 60～70 ℃)	5 (4 ℃)	20	114 Wh/kg	[163]
制热	MgCl₂/H₂O	—	0.15 (64 ℃)	2.4	139	[168]

应用领域	主要商用在运行技术	装机容量(截至2019年)
电力部门	熔融盐储热	>21 GWh
供冷		>13.9 GWh
其中：(建筑供冷)	相变储热	—
(区域供冷)	冰储热，相变储热	—
(冷链运输)	相变储热	—
供热		199 GWh
其中：(建筑供热)	水罐储热，固态储热	91.5 GWh
(区域供热)	水罐储热，地下储热	105.5 GWh
(工业供热)	水罐储热	2 GWh
总装机容量		234 GWh

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