储能模组内多孔防火材料增强液氮灭火效能研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0387

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

频发的锂离子电池火灾事故对分布式储能锂电池组的应用产生了巨大影响。深度冷却和持续降温是抑制并解决电池火灾的关键。为了探究多孔防火材料对液氮灭火效能的增强作用，搭建了储能模组火灾液氮灭火实验系统。通过在储能模组内铺设多孔防火材料的方式研究了玻璃棉、纳米气凝胶、硅酸铝陶瓷纤维和防火海绵四种多孔防火材料与液氮协同作用对模组内锂电池组火灾的灭火效果。实验结果表明，相同液氮用量条件下，与单独喷射液氮相比，在模组内加装多孔防火材料可以有效提升液氮的灭火效能。液氮与纳米气凝胶协同作用时，热失控电池表面回升最高温度仅为28 ℃，比液氮单独作用时降低了63 ℃，其余三种工况的电池表面回升温度也均低于液氮单独作用。此外，多孔防火材料的铺设方式对液氮灭火效能影响明显，材料侧壁铺设对热失控电池组的灭火效果优于底面铺设。本研究结果可为储能模组锂电池灭火技术提供参考。

关键词: 锂电池, 热失控, 多孔防火材料, 灭火效能

Abstract:

The frequent fire incidents involving lithium-ion batteries have significantly impacted the application of distributed energy storage lithium battery packs. Effective fire suppression measures, such as deep cooling and sustained temperature reduction, are critical for mitigating these risks. This study investigates the impact of incorporating porous fire-retardant materials on the efficiency of liquid nitrogen in extinguishing fires within energy storage modules. An experimental system was developed to test the extinguishing performance of liquid nitrogen when combined with various porous fire-retardant materials, including glass wool, nano aerogel, aluminum silicate ceramic fiber, and fire-retardant sponge. Experimental results demonstrate that under the same amount of liquid nitrogen, the incorporation of these materials within the module effectively enhances the extinguishing efficiency. Notably, when combined with nano aerogel, the surface temperature rise of batteries in thermal runaway situations is reduced to 28 ℃, 63 ℃ lower than when using liquid nitrogen alone. Similarly, other materials also reduce temperature rise compared to liquid nitrogen alone. Additionally, the placement of these materials significantly affects their performance; deploying them on the side walls of the module is more effective in extinguishing fires than bottom deployment. These findings provide insights into improving fire extinguishing technologies for lithium battery systems in energy storage applications.

Key words: lithium battery, thermal runaway, porous fireproof material, fire extinguishing efficiency

中图分类号:

X 932

王红羽, 袁狄平, 石兵兵, 张国维. 储能模组内多孔防火材料增强液氮灭火效能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(10): 3334-3342.

Hongyu WANG, Diping YUAN, Bingbing SHI, Guowei ZHANG. Study on enhancing liquid nitrogen fire extinguishing efficiency with porous fireproof materials in energy storage modules[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3334-3342.

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参考文献 17

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参数	玻璃棉	纳米气凝胶	硅酸铝陶瓷纤维	防火海绵
密度/(kg/m³)	160	180	120	9
导热系数/[W/(m·K)]	0.031	0.018	0.035	0.053
耐温/℃	800	650	1000	500

工况	电池数量	材料(厚度均为10 mm)	铺设方式	液氮喷洒量
0	2	—	—	—
1	2	—	—	8 kg
2	2	玻璃棉	底铺	8 kg
3	2	玻璃棉	侧铺	8 kg
4	2	纳米气凝胶	底铺	8 kg
5	2	纳米气凝胶	侧铺	8 kg
6	2	硅酸铝陶瓷纤维	底铺	8 kg
7	2	硅酸铝陶瓷纤维	侧铺	8 kg
8	2	防火海绵	底铺	8 kg
9	2	防火海绵	侧铺	8 kg

工况	电池A		电池B
工况	冷却时间/s	回升温度/℃	冷却时间/s	回升温度/℃
工况1	244	91	240	61
工况3	370	60	311	47
工况5	438	28	388	14
工况7	286	39	282	25
工况9	313	32	317	24

工况	电池A		电池B
工况	冷却时间/s	回升温度/℃	冷却时间/s	回升温度/℃
工况1	244	91	240	61
工况2	367	74	364	25
工况4	406	38	408	12
工况6	280	49	275	18
工况8	305	44	301	20

分值	侧壁铺设			底面铺设
分值	降温冷却时间/s	回升最高温度/℃	箱体内外温差/℃	降温冷却时间/s	回升最高温度/℃	箱体内外温差/℃
1.0	(399.2,438.0]	[28.0,40.6]	(101.6,119]	(373.6,406.0]	[38.0,48.6]	(62.4,70.0]
0.9	(360.4,399.2]	(40.6,53.2]	(84.2,101.6]	(341.2,373.6]	(48.6,59.2]	(54.8,62.4]
0.8	(321.6,360.4]	(53.2,65.8]	(66.8,84.2]	(308.8,341.2]	(59.2,69.8]	(47.2,54.8]
0.7	(282.8,321.6]	(65.8,78.4]	(49.4,66.8]	(276.4,308.8]	(69.8,80.4]	(39.6,47.2]
0.6	[244.0,282.8]	(78.4,91.0]	[32.0,49.4]	[244.0,276.4]	(80.4,91.0]	[32.0,39.6]