用于电力系统调频的超级电容储能系统

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0535

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着可再生能源在电力系统中的渗透率不断提高，其间歇性和不确定性对电力系统的频率稳定性产生了深刻影响。作为一种新型储能技术，超级电容具有功率密度高、循环寿命长、工作温区宽等优点，可作为提升电力系统调频能力的重要手段。本文概述了用于电力系统调频的超级电容储能系统。首先，介绍了电力系统的调频需求以及使用超级电容储能系统进行调频的优势。其次，整理了用于电力系统调频的超级电容储能系统的控制策略和容量配置方法。其中，控制策略涵盖了下垂控制等经典控制方法和模型预测控制等先进控制策略。容量配置方法归纳了基于规则的方法和基于优化的方法。然后，梳理了使用超级电容储能系统进行电力系统调频的工程案例，着重分析了以“超级电容+锂离子电池”为代表的混合储能系统的系统架构、运行模式、经济性等。最后，对超级电容调频技术进行了展望，给出了目前学术界和产业界尚需加强合作、协同攻关的建议以推动该技术的大规模应用和高质量发展。

关键词: 电力系统调频, 超级电容, 控制策略, 容量配置, 工程案例

Abstract:

As the penetration of renewable energy resources keeps increasing, the frequency stability of the power system is becoming a major concern due to the intermittency and uncertainty associated with such energy resources. Among various energy storage technologies, supercapacitors feature a high power density, a long cycle life, and a wide operating temperature range, which make them a competitive candidate for the frequency regulation applications in power systems. This paper reviews the supercapacitor energy storage systems for such applications. First, this paper analyzes the frequency regulation requirements of power systems and the potential benefits of supercapacitor energy storage systems in this context. Next, this paper summarizes the control strategies and component sizing methods for the supercapacitor energy storage systems. Specifically, classical control methods such as droop control and advanced control strategies such as model predictive control are covered. As for component sizing, rule-based methods and optimization-based methods are discussed. Then, this paper analyzes the demonstration projects using supercapacitor energy storage systems for frequency regulation applications. In particular, this paper elaborates on the architectures, operation modes, and economies of hybrid energy storage systems incorporating supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Finally, this paper outlines several research and development issues that the academia and the industry need to address to accelerate the adoption of supercapacitor energy storage systems for frequency regulation applications in power systems.

Key words: frequency regulation of power systems, supercapacitors, control strategies, component sizing, demonstration projects

中图分类号:

TM 53

徐彩莹, 唐毓振, 李秋雨, 杨浩岳, 陈洋, 杨恒昭. 用于电力系统调频的超级电容储能系统[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(8): 3078-3089.

Caiying XU, Yuzhen TANG, Qiuyu LI, Haoyue YANG, Yang CHEN, Hengzhao YANG. Supercapacitor energy storage systems for frequency regulation applications in power systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(8): 3078-3089.

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特性	超级电容	锂离子电池	电容
能量密度/(Wh/kg)	1∼10	150∼200	<0.1
功率密度/(W/kg)	<10000	<2000	>10000
充电时间	0.3∼30 s	0.5∼3 h	10^-6∼10^-3 s
放电时间	0.3∼30 s	0.3∼3 h	10^-6∼10^-3 s
循环寿命/次数	<1000000	500∼1000	∞
使用寿命/年	5∼10	3∼5	>20
工作温度/℃	-45∼85	-30∼60	-40∼125

类型	名称	特点
经典控制策略	下垂控制	调整频率偏差，具有稳态调节能力
	虚拟惯量控制	抑制频率变化率，具有动态调节能力
	下垂-虚拟惯量混合控制	兼顾频率偏差与变化率，实现稳态-动态协同控制
先进控制策略	模型预测控制	处理多变量约束与动态优化问题，具有实时性
	模糊逻辑控制	无需精确建模，具有出色的鲁棒性
	数据驱动控制	基于历史数据构建控制模型，无需进行复杂的机理建模

状态	选址	规模构成/相关装置
2022年10月投运	内蒙古乌兰察布^[63]	0.5 MW/1 MWh锂电池+1 MW/0.1 MWh超级电容
2023年4月投运	福建福州^[64]	15 MW锂电池+5 MW超级电容
2023年10月投运	广东珠海^[65]	16 MW/8 MWh锂电池+4 MW/10 min超级电容
2023年10月投运	河北^[66]	—
2024年4月投运	山东滨州^[67]	2 MW/30 s超级电容(9 MW/5 MWh混合储能调频项目)
2024年9月交付	山东莱州^[68]	244 MW/488 MWh锂电池+4 MW/30 s超级电容
2024年10月投运	福建福清^[69]	超级电容双驱电动变桨控制系统
2024年10月投运	西藏拉萨、日喀则^[70]	—
2024年12月投运	山西晋中^[71]	10 MW/10 MWh锂电池+10 MW/6 min超级电容
2025年1月投运	海南文昌^[72-73]	1 MW/30 s超级电容(100 MW/200 MWh储能示范项目)
2025年2月投运	内蒙古呼伦贝尔^[74-75]	16 MW/10 min超级电容
2025年3月投运	宁夏银川^[76]	10 MW/20 MWh锂电池+200 kW/400 kWh钠离子电池+1 MW/5 min 超级电容
2025年4月投运	湖北武汉^[77]	14 MW锂电池+6 MW超级电容
2025年5月投运	陕西铜川^[78]	15 MW锂电池+5 MW/6 min超级电容
2025年5月投运	山东烟台^[79]	120 MW/240MWh锂电池+2 MW/0.2 MWh超级电容
建设中	甘肃嘉峪关^[80]	475 MW/1000 MWh锂电池+25 MW/60 s超级电容
建设中	安徽宿州^[81]	200 MW/400 MWh锂电池+20 MW/30 s超级电容
建设中	浙江杭州^[82-83]	2 MW超级电容+2 MW飞轮储能系统
建设中	山东德州^[84]	200 MW/400 MWh锂电池+6 MW/15 s超级电容
建设中	辽宁沈阳^[85]	10 MW/10 min超级电容
建设中	陕西渭南^[86]	5 MW/5 MWh锂电池+5 MW/0.5 MWh超级电容
招标中	福建宁德^[87]	60 MWh锂电池+3 MW超级电容
招标中	广州珠江^[88]	24 MW/48 MWh锂电池+2 MW/5 min超级电容
招标中	山西襄垣^[89]	32.5 MW/130 MWh锂电池+10 MW/0.083 MWh超级电容
招标中	四川成都^[90]	100 MW/200MWh锂电池+2.5 MW/0.04 MWh超级电容

调频功率范围/MW	调频累计次数/次	统计百分比/%
0<P≤4	286	18.3
4<P≤20	1141	73.0
20<P	135	8.7