抽水蓄能选址技术方法及其发展综述

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0623

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球能源转型背景下，风电、光伏等间歇性可再生能源的大规模并网对电力系统调节能力提出了严峻挑战。抽水蓄能凭借高能效、规模经济性及灵活多功能调节特性，是当前主流的系统级储能技术和解决弃风弃光问题的有效手段。我国抽水蓄能的理论资源储备十分丰富，但优质可开发站址受环境保护、社会约束和经济可行性等多重因素限制，实际可落地项目比例有限。同时，容量电价和电量补偿等政策机制不完善，对部分项目的核准和建设进度产生了显著影响。在此背景下，亟需通过拓展非常规站址类型并优化选址方法，提高项目的整体可行性与经济性。本文首先通过文献计量分析发现，抽水蓄能选址研究在国家能源政策驱动下，近年来呈快速增长趋势。围绕选址对象与技术方法两个维度构建综述框架：在对象维度，系统梳理了常规淡水、海水、地下空间以及新能源配套抽水蓄能四类典型模式的特征与约束条件，并提出了针对性的特征评价指标体系；在方法维度上，对地理信息系统、多准则决策、二者耦合方法及其他选址技术进行了系统性梳理和对比分析，重点讨论了各方法的理论基础、适用环节、优势与局限。研究成果可为抽水蓄能项目的选址决策提供系统化的理论参考和方法借鉴，有助于优化站址布局、提升规划科学性与可行性，从而推动抽水蓄能产业的可持续发展。

关键词: 抽水蓄能, 选址, 评价指标, 地理信息系统, 多准则决策

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of the global energy transition, the large-scale integration of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic power presents substantial challenges to the regulation capacity of power systems. Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), with its high efficiency, economies of scale, and flexible multifunctional regulation capabilities, has emerged as the dominant system-level energy storage technology and an effective solution to curtailment issues in wind and solar power generation. Although China possesses abundant theoretical PHES resources, the availability of high-quality, developable sites is constrained by multiple factors, including environmental protection, social considerations, and economic feasibility, resulting in a limited proportion of projects that can be practically implemented. Moreover, inadequacies in policy mechanisms—such as capacity-based tariffs and energy output compensation—have significantly influenced the approval and construction progress of certain projects.In this context, there is an urgent need to expand the range of unconventional site types and to optimize site selection methodologies in order to enhance overall project feasibility and economic viability. Through bibliometric analysis, this study reveals that PHES site selection research has experienced rapid growth in recent years, driven by national energy policies. A review framework is constructed from two dimensions: site selection targets and methodological approaches. From the target dimension, the study systematically examines the characteristics and constraints of four representative PHES configurations—conventional freshwater, seawater, underground space, and renewable-energy-integrated PHES—and proposes a targeted indicator system for feature evaluation. From the methodological dimension, it provides a systematic review and comparative analysis of geographic information system (GIS)-based methods, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches, GIS-MCDM hybrid techniques, and other site selection methods, with a focus on their theoretical underpinnings, applicable stages, strengths, and limitations.The findings of this study offer a systematic theoretical reference and methodological guidance for PHES site selection decision-making, contributing to the optimization of site layout, enhancing the scientific rigor and feasibility of planning, and ultimately promoting the sustainable development of the PHES industry.

Key words: Pumped hydro energy storage, Site selection, Evaluation indicators, Geographic information systems, Multi-criteria decision-making

贾文林, 张尊华, 周梦妮, 张帆, 欧阳章智. 抽水蓄能选址技术方法及其发展综述[J]. 储能科学与技术, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0623.

Wenlin JIA, Zunhua ZHANG, Mengni ZHOU, Fan ZHANG, Zhangzhi OUYANG. A review of site selection methods and developments for pumped hydro energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0623.

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MCDM方法在抽水蓄能选址中的应用"

方法类型	方法名称与简述	参考文献
信息表达方法	直觉模糊数（Triangular Intuitionistic Fuzzy Number, TIFN），处理不确定性和模糊信息	[52,66-67,75]
信息表达方法	梯形模糊数（Trapezoidal Fuzzy Number, TrFN），处理更广泛的不确定性和模糊信息	[72]
确定权重方法	层次分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process, AHP），通过层次结构分解和成对比较确定权重	[32,36,52,63,68]
	网络分析法（Analytic Network Process, ANP），处理依赖关系的AHP扩展	[70]
	熵权法（Entropy Weight Method, EWM），基于数据离散程度计算客观权重	[63,67,72]
	德尔菲法（Delphi Method, DELPHI），多轮专家匿名反馈达成共识	[68]
	逐步权重评估法（Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis, SWARA），专家逐步修正属性重要性	[67]
	指标相关性权重法（Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation, CRITIC），结合冲突性与对比强度	[49]
	组合有序加权平均（Combinative Ordered Weighted Averaging, C-OWA），考虑属性位置和权重	[68]
排序方法	逼近理想解排序法（Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution, TOPSIS），最小化负理想解距离	[32]
	多准则妥协解排序法（VIšekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje, VIKOR），平衡群体效用与个体遗憾	[32,52,63,68,72]
	交互多准则决策（Tomada de Decisão Interativa Multicritério (Interactive Multicriteria Decision Making)， TODIM），基于前景理论考虑心理行为	[66,75]
	边界近似区域比较法（Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison， MABAC），计算与边界区域的几何距离	[67]
	偏好排序组织法（Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations, PROMETHEE），通过流度进行优劣排序	[74]
	消去与选择转换算法（ÉLimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité, ELECTRE），基于优势关系淘汰方案	[36]
	灰色关联分析法（Grey Relational Analysis, GRA），通过数据序列相似度排序	[68]

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编号	具体描述
T₁	连接两个现有水库，通过一条或多条压力管，并增设一个电站，将其改造为抽水蓄能系统。
T₂	将一个现有湖泊或水库改造为抽水蓄能系统，方法是在其附近寻找一个合适的地点建设第二个水库。第二水库可位于平坦或不陡峭的区域，如通过挖掘、修建浅坝、低洼地或山谷中建立。
T₃	新建抽水蓄能，选址于合适的地形区域：如可通过修建大坝封闭的山谷、可削平的山顶等。这类选址范围更广，即不依赖现有湖泊或水库，也不假设建设第二水库时需要平坦区域。
T₄	海洋型抽水蓄能：这类新建电站利用海洋作为下水库，并在附近建设上水库，或者将海洋作为上水库，并以洞穴作为下水库。
T₅	多水库系统：结合抽水蓄能与常规水电站的系统。
T₆	以大型河流作为下水库：该河流需能够为抽水蓄能系统提供足够的补水流量。
T₇	利用废弃矿坑作为抽水蓄能基础设施

编号	类型	典型代表	地形依赖度	投资成本	生态影响
T₁	双库改造型	-	高（存在天然双水库与适宜地形）	低	小
T₂	单库扩建型	瑞士林塔尔电站	中（存在天然单水库与适宜地形）	中	中
T₃	完全新建型	中国河北丰宁水电站	低（存在适宜地形即可）	高	高
T₅	多水库互补	-	高（存在抽水蓄能与常规水电站）	低	小
T₆	河流补给型	德国Riedl抽水蓄能	中（存在大型河流与适宜地形）	中	中

研究维度	核心问题	参考文献
水文与资源调度	水库水源调度、径流条件建模、河湖协调开发	[14-17]
地质与工程因素	地质构造复杂、坝址稳定性、地震波勘探	[18-22]
社会与移民问题	移民点规划、社会接受度、营地人本设计	[23-25]
工程设计与弃渣场	枢纽厂房布局、弃渣场选址、水保与环境	[25-31]
电网协调与系统集成	峰谷调节匹配、新能源调峰、储能系统协同	[32-36]
可持续发展评估	环境影响评估、生态风险规避、可持续发展	[16,37-40]

指标类型	评价指标
水文条件	总水头、坡度、长度-高度比、水源距离、水库容量、降雨量、蒸发量、渗透性、地下水特征、水资源可得性
地形地质	地貌特征、土壤和岩性特征、地震条件、断层条件、地质灾害、场地条件
环境生态	生态保护与敏感区域、土地利用类型、环境影响、气候条件、碳减排、污染物减排
交通与配套设施	交通条件、与电网距离、与城市距离、公共设施条件
社会因素	提供就业、政策支持、经济影响、社会接受度、社会其他影响（移民安置等）
经济效益	建设成本、运维成本、能源存储收益、投资回收期、财务内部收益率、经济回报率
电力系统	当地负荷特性、清洁能源消纳情况、电网稳定性

特征选址指标	指标描述与量化支撑
矿井结构安全性	评估井巷稳定性、水压承受力；采用岩体完整性指数（RMR）、最大允许水压（MPa）等工程参数。
井下涌水与淹水历史	判断矿井是否具备蓄水功能；引入历史涌水量（m³/d）、淹水频次、含水层厚度等作为判断依据。
矿井通风与残留气体评估	保障施工与运维安全；可参考CO、CH₄浓度（ppm）及通风能力（m³/min）。
遗留污染与修复成本评估	矿井区域往往伴随重金属或化学污染；以土壤/地下水中重金属浓度（mg/kg）及治理单价（元/m³）进行评估。