基于电池老化效应的电池热管理系统性能分析与优化

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0957

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为实现电池组安全、高效与长久的运行，本文开发了一个电池热管理系统（BTMS）多物理场耦合数值模型，并对液冷BTMS在不同运行周期下电池组温度特性与电化学特性进行了分析。研究发现：BTMS仅在电池组的初始运行阶段表现出有效热管理能力。但随着电池组循环次数的增加，电池老化现象会导致电池组产热量显著上升，BTMS便难以继续有效地控制电池组的温度与温差。最终，当电池组持续运行1000个充放电循环后，电池组温度与温差在入口速度分别为0.03m/s，0.04m/s和0.05m/s的情况下上升了2.54 K、2.15 K、1.93 K和2.34 K、2.04 K、1.85 K。因此，本文提出了两种BTMS优化设计方案，结果表明：在BTMS冷却液中添加氧化铝(Al₂O₃)球形纳米颗粒后虽然会引起系统内压降与泵功耗的上升，但却显著增强了BTMS换热性能。与此同时，纳米流体的使用也可以有效减缓电池组的老化过程，但是电池组的平均放电电压却出现了下降。而基于电池产热特性的运行方案可以在提升热管理性能与延缓电池容量衰减的同时，达成降低系统压降与提升电池放电电压的效果。

关键词: 锂电池, 电池热管理, 电池老化, 传热, 数值模拟

Abstract: A novel model considering electrochemistry, battery aging and heat transfer is developed for the design and optimization of battery thermal management system (BTMS) to ensure efficient and durable operation of batteries. The multiphysics behaviors in different working cycles of BTMSs are analyzed and compared. It is found that solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation inside the aged battery pack leads to a higher heat generation rate. The reversible heat generation rate became smaller and smaller during the cycling due to SEI formation and Li+ reduction inside the battery. However, the irreversible heat generation rate increased with the increasing working cycles. Meanwhile, the increment in irreversible heat generation was much higher than the decrement in reversible heat generation. Thus, the total heat generation rate became larger and larger during the cycling. Therefore, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference in 1000 cycles of BTMS were higher than those of original case by 2.54K, 2.15K, 1.93K and 2.34K, 2.04K, 1.85K, respectively. Such large data deviation on maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference caused by capacity fade will definitely affect BTMS design. Without considering the battery aging effect, 0.05m/s were enough for BTMSs to meet the requirements for the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference. However, BTMSs were unable to control the temperature of battery pack after 1000 cycles to reach these requirements under the investigated inlet velocity when considering the effect of capacity fade. Thus, the optimization schemes were proposed for BTMS to ensure the effective thermal management for battery pack over long-term battery cycling. It is found that the addition of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles with different volume fractions could always enhance the cooling performance of BTMS. Furthermore, as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increased, BTMS with nanofluid was more effective in controlling thermal behaviors of battery pack. Thus, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference in 1000 cycles, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference were decreased by 1.24K, 0.98K, 0.86K and1.09K, 0.88K, 0.79K for water-1% Al2O3, 1.92K, 1.56K, 1.36K and 1.63K, 1.52K, 1.27K for water-3% Al2O3, 2.64K, 2.2K, 1.94K and 2.29K, 2.02K, 1.83K for water-5% Al2O3. For the BTMS optimized operation strategy based on battery heat generation, it can be observed that this method was more effective in controlling thermal behaviors and reducing battery capacity fade in all the working cycles, with achieving a significant effect on improving pressure loss and increasing battery discharging potential. For the aged battery pack in 1000 working cycles, the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference were decreased by 5.98K, 4.17K, 3.04K and 4.27K, 2.79K, 1.81K after using the operation strategy.

Key words: li-ion battery, battery thermal management system, battery aging, heat transfer, numerical simulation

中图分类号:

史文伯, 刘敏学, 刘雪涛, 闫龙超, 郭曾嘉. 基于电池老化效应的电池热管理系统性能分析与优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0957.

SHI Wenbo, LIU Minxue, LUE Xuetao, Yan Longchao, GUO Zengjia. Analyze and optimization of battery thermal management system based on battery aging effect[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0957.

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