钠离子电池软碳基负极的研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0033

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

钠离子电池(SIBs)较商用锂电池而言，具有成本低、资源丰富、倍率性能及低温性能好、安全性高的特点，引起研究界的广泛关注。软碳相比硬碳材料，含碳量更高、成本更低，更具备商业化潜能，但软碳材料存在高温碳化后易石墨化，层间距缩小，不利于钠离子储存的问题。本文综述了近年来软碳材料在钠离子电池负极上的应用进展。首先总结了软碳材料的基本结构以及储钠机理，在此基础上，着重从多孔结构调变、杂原子掺杂、软硬碳复合、交联结构构建4个方面总结了软碳材料结构的优化策略，其中多孔结构调变中介绍了模板碳化法、前驱体结构形成法、物理/化学活化法等方式；杂原子掺杂中介绍了氮、磷、硫原子以及多原子掺杂的改性效果及方法；软硬碳复合中介绍了直接碳化法、热分解法以及NH₃处理法等多种复合方法；交联结构构建又分为氧化处理和引入化学交联剂两种方式，并总结了软碳材料最新改性研究进展。最后，对每种结构优化策略进行了利弊分析，并对其未来发展方向进行展望，以期为开发更高效的软碳负极材料提供理论支持。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 软碳, 结构构建, 负极, 存储机制

Abstract:

Compared with commercial lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer advantages such as low cost, abundant resources, good rate performance, excellent low-temperature performance, and high safety, garnering significant interest from the research community. Unlike hard carbon materials, soft carbon materials have a higher carbon content, lower cost, and greater commercial potential. However, these materials tend to graphitize during high-temperature carbonization, reducing the layer spacing, which adversely affects sodium-ion storage. This study reviews the recent advancements in the application of soft carbon materials to the negative electrodes of sodium ions. First, it summarizes the basic structure and sodium storage mechanisms of soft carbon materials. Building on this foundation, this study outlines an optimization strategy for the structural modification of soft carbon materials, focusing on four areas: porous structure modulation, heteroatom doping, composite control, and cross-linked structure construction. In porous structure modulation, techniques such as template carbonization, precursor structure formation, and physical/chemical activation methods are introduced. In heteroatom doping, the paper explores the modification effects and methods involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur atoms, and polyatomic doping. Composite control is achieved through techniques such as direct carbonization, thermal decomposition, and NH₃ treatment methods. The construction of cross-linked structures is examined through oxidation treatment and the introduction of chemical cross-linking agents, summarizing the latest research on soft carbon material modifications. The study concludes by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each structural optimization strategy and speculating on future directions for the development of more efficient soft carbon negative electrode materials.

Key words: sodium-ion batteries, soft carbon, structure construction, negative electrodes, storage mechanism

中图分类号:

TM 912

所聪, 王阳峰, 朱紫宸, 杨雁. 钠离子电池软碳基负极的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(6): 1807-1823.

Cong SUO, Yangfeng WANG, Zichen ZHU, Yan YANG. Research progress of soft carbon as negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1807-1823.

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调控策略	材料名称	可逆容量	ICE/%	倍率性能	参考文献
多孔结构	ZAD-3-800	293 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g	60	53 mAh/g at 5A/g	[45]
多孔结构	MPC	331 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g	45	103 mAh/g at 0.5A/g	[46]
多孔结构	3DHSC	215 mAh/g at 0.05 A/g	60	121 mAh/g at 1A/g	[47]
杂原子引入	PCNS1000	302 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	67	175 mAh/g at 0.5A/g	[50]
杂原子引入	NC-1200	201 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g	49.5	85 mAh/g at 0.5A/g	[51]
杂原子引入	PSC	275 mAh/g at 0.01 A/g	66	180 mAh/g at 1A/g	[52]
杂原子引入	SC-600	500 mAh/g at 0.02 A/g	30	300 mAh/g at 1A/g	[56]
杂原子引入	NPSC4-700	500 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	81	162 mAh/g at 1A/g	[58]
软硬碳复合	HC-0.2P-1000	349.9 mAh/g at 0.01 A/g	60.9	294.3 mAh/g at 1A/g	[62]
软硬碳复合	HC-SC	306.8 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g	55	144.9 mAh/g at 10A/g	[64]
软硬碳复合	NFC	345 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	53.4	217 mAh/g at 2A/g	[65]
交联结构构建	HCPOP-ox12	312 mAh/g at C/20	90	—	[67]
交联结构构建	AC	268.3 mAh/g at 0.03 A/g	82	200 mAh/g at 1C	[68]
交联结构构建	MCF750	272 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g	90	121 mAh/g at 10 A/g	[69]
交联结构构建	Fe0.25H	306 mAh/g at 0.025 A/g	60	150 mAh/g at 2 A/g	[70]

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