钠离子电池软碳基负极的研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0033

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

钠离子电池（SIBs）较商用锂电池而言，具有成本低、资源丰富、倍率性能及低温性能好、安全性高的特点，引起研究界的广泛关注。软碳相比硬碳材料，含碳量更高、成本更低，更具备商业化潜能，但软碳材料存在高温碳化后易石墨化，层间距缩小，不利于钠离子储存的问题。本文综述了近年来软碳材料在钠离子电池负极上的应用进展，首先总结了软碳材料的基本结构以及储钠机理，在此基础上，着重从多孔结构调变、杂原子掺杂、软硬碳复合、交联结构构建四个方面总结了软碳材料结构的优化策略，其中多孔结构调变中介绍了模板碳化法、前驱体结构形成法、物理/化学活化法等方式；杂原子掺杂中介绍了氮、磷、硫原子以及多原子掺杂的改性效果及方法；软硬碳复合中介绍了直接碳化法、热分解法以及NH₃处理法等多种复合方法；交联结构构建又分为氧化处理和引入化学交联剂两种方式，并总结了软碳材料最新改性研究进展。最后，对每种结构优化策略进行了利弊分析，并对其未来发展方向进行展望，以期为开发更高效的软碳负极材料提供理论支持。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 软碳, 结构构建, 负极, 存储机制

Abstract:

Compared with commercial lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have the characteristics of low cost, abundant resources, good rate performance, low temperature performance and high safety, which have attracted wide attention in the research community. Compared to hard carbon materials, soft carbon materials has higher carbon content, lower cost, and higher commercial potential. However, soft carbon materials are easy to graphitize during carbonization at high temperature, and the layer spacing is reduced, which is not conducive to the storage of sodium ions. In this paper, the application progress of soft carbon materials on the negative electrode of sodium-ion batteries in recent years was reviewed. First, the basic structure and sodium storage mechanism of soft carbon materials were summarized. On this basis, the optimization strategy of soft carbon materials structure was summarized from four aspects: porous structure modulation, hetero-atoms doping, composites control, and cross-linked structure construction. In porous structure modulation, template carbonization method, precursor structure formation method, physical/chemical activation method and other methods are introduced; in heteroatom doping, modification effects and methods of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur atoms and polyatom doping are introduced; in composites control, direct carbonization method, thermal decomposition method and NH₃ treatment method are introduced. The construction of the cross-linked structure can be divided into two ways: oxidation treatment and introduction of chemical cross-linking agent, and summarizes the latest research progress of soft carbon material modification. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of each structure optimization strategy are analyzed, and its future development direction is prospected, in order to provide theoretical support for the development of more efficient soft carbon negative electrode materials.

Key words: sodium-ion batteries, soft carbon, structure construction, negative electrodes, storage mechanism

中图分类号:

TM 912

所聪, 王阳峰, 朱紫宸, 杨雁. 钠离子电池软碳基负极的研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0033.

Cong SUO, Yangfeng WANG, Zichen ZHU, Yan YANG. Research progress of soft carbon as negative electrodes in sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0033.

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调控策略	材料名称	可逆容量	ICE（%）	倍率性能	参考文献
多孔结构	ZAD-3-800	293 mAh g^-1 at 0.05 A g^-1	60	53 mAh g^-1 at 5 A g^-1	[45]
多孔结构	MPC	331 mAh g^-1 at 0.03 A g^-1	45	103 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1	[46]
多孔结构	3DHSC	215 mAh g^-1 at 0.05A g^-1	60	121 mAh g^-1 at 1A g^-1	[47]
杂原子引入	PCNS1000	302 mAh g^-1 at 0.1A g^-1	67	175 mAh g^-1 at 0.5A g^-1	[50]
杂原子引入	NC-1200	201 mAh g^-1 at 0.02A g^-1	49.5	85 mAh g^-1 at 0.5A g^-1	[51]
杂原子引入	PSC	275 mAh g^-1 at 0.01A g^-1	66	180 mAh g^-1 at 1A g^-1	[52]
杂原子引入	SC-600	500 mAh g^-1 at 0.02A g^-1	30	300 mAh g^-1 at 1A g^-1	[56]
杂原子引入	NPSC4-700	500 mAh g^-1 at 0.1A g^-1	81	162 mAh g^-1 at 1A g^-1	[58]
软硬碳复合	HC-0.2P-1000	349.9 mAh g^-1 at 0.01A g^-1	60.9	294.3 mAh g^-1 at 1A g^-1	[62]
软硬碳复合	HC-SC	306.8 mAh g^-1 at 0.5A g^-1	55	144.9mAh g^-1 at 10A g^-1	[64]
软硬碳复合	NFC	345 mAh g^-1 at 0.1A g^-1	53.4	217mAh g^-1 at 2A g^-1	[65]
交联结构构建	HCPOP-ox12	312 mAh g^-1 at C/20	90	--	[67]
交联结构构建	AC	268.3 mAh g^-1 at 0.03A g^-1	82	200 mAh g^-1 at 1C	[68]
交联结构构建	MCF750	272 mAh g^-1 at 0.1A g^-1	90	121 mAh g^-1 at 10A g^-1	[69]
交联结构构建	Fe0.25H	306 mAh g^-1 at 0.025A g^-1	60	150 mAh g^-1 at 2A g^-1	[70]

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