钠离子电池储能系统产热特性与热管理策略优化

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0331

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着可再生能源的快速发展，储能系统在平衡能源供需、提高能源利用效率方面扮演着越来越重要的角色。钠离子电池储能系统因其独特的优势，被视为未来大规模储能的有力候选技术之一，钠离子电池充放电过程中产生的热量会对电池的性能、寿命及安全产生重大影响。因此，非常有必要开发出更高效的热管理策略以提高钠离子电池储能系统的安全性。本工作主要采用实验和数值仿真相结合的方法，研究了钠离子电池在充放电过程中的非对称产热特性，进而提出了在放电过程中采用多阶段变流量的热管理优化策略。通过实验发现，钠离子电池放电过程产热量是充电过程产热量的3倍，1P放电工况下，峰值产热功率达70 W。而1P充电工况下，峰值产热功率仅为25 W，且持续时间极短。本工作提出了充放电过程采用不同流量的非对称式液冷热管理系统，并且基于放电过程产热功率呈现阶段式变化的特征，放电过程提出的多阶段变流量的优化策略实现了降低同等电池温度的情况下，有效降低热管理系统功耗的目的。本研究对优化钠离子电池热管理系统功耗、提高钠离子电池储能系统安全性具有重要意义。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 储能系统, 产热特性, 热管理策略

Abstract:

With the rapid development of renewable energy, energy storage systems (ESSs) play increasingly vital roles in balancing energy supply and demand, as well as enhancing energy-utilization efficiency. Sodium-ion battery (SIB) ESSs, due to their unique advantages, are rated among the most promising candidates for large-scale energy storage. However, the heat generated by SIBs during charging and discharging can significantly impact their performance, lifespan, and safety. Therefore, more efficient thermal-management strategies must be developed to improve SIB ESS safety. In this study, experiments and numerical simulations are combined to explore the asymmetric heat-generation characteristics of SIBs during charging and discharging, as well as propose a multistage variable flow-rate thermal-management-optimization strategy during discharging. The experimental results reveal that the heat-generation during the discharging process of SIBs is three times that of their charging process, with a peak heat-generation power of 70 W under 1P discharge conditions. Conversely, under the 1P charging conditions, the peak heat-generation power is only 25 W and lasts for a very short period. Further, an asymmetric liquid-cooling thermal-management system is introduced for SIB charging and discharging processes, and a multistage variable flow-rate optimization strategy is proposed based on the characteristic of stage-wise changes in the heat-generation power during discharging. This strategy effectively reduces the power consumption of the thermal-management system while maintaining the same battery temperature. The insights obtained from this study can be used to optimize the power consumption of SIB thermal-management systems as well as enhance the safety of SIB ESS.

Key words: sodium-ion batteries, energy storage system, heat-generation characteristics, thermal management

中图分类号:

TM 912

彭宇翔, 高立克, 李勇琦, 唐彬, 罗传胜. 钠离子电池储能系统产热特性与热管理策略优化[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(10): 3764-3773.

Yuxiang PENG, Like GAO, Yongqi LI, Bin TANG, Chuansheng LUO. Heat-generation characteristics and thermal-management optimization of sodium-ion-battery energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(10): 3764-3773.

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物性	液体工质	液冷板	隔热材料	电池
密度ρ/(kg/m³)	998.2	2719	2719	2719
热导率k/[W/(m·K)]	0.6	202.4	0.02	λ_x =λ_y =20，λ_z =3
比热容c_p /[J/(kg·K)]	4182	871	871	871
黏度μ/(Pa·s)	0.001003	—	—	—

网格类型	网格数量	最高温度/K	压降/Pa	计算耗时/min
粗化网格	200000	314.5	33940.5	30
基础网格	281755	312.3	33727.8	42
全局加密	569187	312.1	33700.2	58
局部加密	350000	311.8	33710.9	50

时间段/s	质量流量/(kg/s)
0~2025	0.2
2025~2850	0.3
2850~4000	0.1