纯电动汽车CO2 热泵空调及整车热管理概述

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0123

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标的提出，交通运输业电气化的目标进一步加快。其中电动汽车现在面临着由于低温采暖而造成的续航里程衰减严重和制冷剂选择等难题。本文通过总结相关文献，综述了提高电动汽车续航里程的CO₂热泵空调技术和电动汽车整车热管理系统。在制冷剂选择上，分析了R134a、R1234yf、R290、CO₂ 4种新型制冷剂的优缺点；在CO₂循环系统中，介绍了基本跨临界CO₂循环系统的特点，重点阐述了对基本跨临界CO₂循环系统的优化，其中包含带回热器的跨临界CO₂循环系统及使用补气增焓技术的跨临界CO₂循环系统；对于热泵空调在电动汽车上的应用，分析了直接热泵的三换热器系统和二次回路系统的工作模式和各自的特点；对于CO₂热泵空调在整车热管理上，介绍了电动汽车乘员舱、动力电池和驱动电机热管理的需求，展示了直冷直热系统和二次回路系统的优缺点；最后总结指出CO₂热泵空调系统将有效解决电动汽车冬季续航里程衰减严重的问题且能在整车热管理上发挥巨大作用，同时仍亟需在高温工况制冷、耐压、密封、控制和集成等问题上进一步探索。

关键词: 电动汽车, CO₂, 热泵, 空调, 热管理

Abstract:

"Carbon peak" and "Carbon-neutrality" goals have accelerated the electrification goal of the transportation industry. Electric vehicles face severe range degradation and refrigerant selection problems due to low-temperature heating. Therefore, this paper summarizes the CO₂ heat pump air-conditioning technology and the entire vehicle thermal management system to improve the electric vehicle range. The advantages and disadvantages of four new refrigerants, R134a, R1234yf, R290, and CO_2, are analyzed. The characteristics of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle system are introduced, and the optimization of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle system is emphasized; it includes the transcritical CO₂ cycle system with a regenerator and with the technology of adding gas and increasing enthalpy. To apply heat pump air conditioning in electric vehicles, the working modes and characteristics of the direct heat pump with three heat exchanger systems and the secondary loop system are described. For the whole vehicle thermal management of CO₂ heat pump air conditioning, the requirements of the occupant compartment, power battery, and drive thermal motor management of electric vehicle are introduced. Finally, it is concluded that the CO₂ heat pump air conditioning system will effectively solve the serious problem of the battery range attenuation of electric vehicles in the winter and play a significant role in vehicle thermal management. At the same time, the problems of refrigeration, pressure resistance, sealing, control, and integration under high-temperature conditions require further exploration.

Key words: electric vehicle, CO₂, heat pump, air conditioning, heat management

中图分类号:

TB 657

李江峰, 李帅旗, 阮先轸, 徐磊, 张孝春, 宋文吉, 冯自平. 纯电动汽车CO₂ 热泵空调及整车热管理概述[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(9): 2959-2970.

Jiangfeng LI, Shuaiqi LI, Xianzhen RUAN, Lei XU, Xiaochun ZHANG, Wenji SONG, Ziping FENG. Review of CO₂ heat pump and thermal management for pure electric vehicle[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2959-2970.

图/表 12

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物性	R134a	R1234yf	R744	R290
分子式	CH₂FCF₃	C₃H₂F₄	CO₂	C₃H₈
沸点/℃	-26.1	-29.4	-78.5	-42.2
临界温度/℃	101.1	94.7	31.1	96.7
临界压力/MPa	4.1	3.4	7.4	4.2
安全等级	A1	A2L	A1	A3
ODP	0	0	0	0
GWP	1300	4	1	3

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纯电动汽车CO₂ 热泵空调及整车热管理概述

Review of CO₂ heat pump and thermal management for pure electric vehicle

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