低温锂电池电解液的研究与应用

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0313

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着电动汽车和消费电子领域的快速发展，由锂电池主导的现代新能源市场对电化学储能技术的性能要求愈发多元化。锂电池的有效工作温度范围是影响其实际应用的关键性能之一，但是在低温环境下，商用碳酸酯基电解液的电导率明显下降，黏度上升，电极和电解液中锂离子的迁移变得困难，导致电池放电容量下降，循环寿命缩短，严重限制了锂电池的实际应用范围，因此，设计高性能的低温电解液用于提高锂电池低温性能是拓宽锂电池实际应用范围的关键。本文针对性分析了锂电池低温性能衰退的原因，从传统电解液优化和新型低温电解液两个方面综述了低温电解液的研究发展现状，归纳总结了低温电解液中有关溶剂、溶质、添加剂和溶剂化结构的相关研究。本文着重介绍了优化锂离子去溶剂化过程在低温电解液设计中的指导性意义，强调了微观溶剂化结构对理解低温下的界面和锂离子的迁移行为的关键作用，旨在从更全面的角度、更有效地指导未来低温电解液的设计，为低温环境下大容量储能系统研究提供借鉴。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 锂金属电池, 低温, 电解液, 溶剂化结构

Abstract:

The surge in electric vehicles and consumer electronics has diversified the performance requirements of the lithium battery-dominated modern energy market. A crucial performance metric impacting the practical use of lithium batteries is their operational temperature range. At low temperatures, commercial carbonate-based electrolytes exhibit reduced conductivity and increased viscosity, complicating the migration of lithium ions between the electrode and electrolyte. These conditions lead to diminished discharge capacity and shortened cycle life, considerably hindering the batteries' practical utility. Consequently, designing high-performance low-temperature electrolytes to enhance the cold-weather performance of lithium batteries is essential for expanding their application range. This review investigates the decline in lithium battery performance at low temperatures, assesses recent advancements in traditional and novel low-temperature electrolytes, and provides a detailed examination of solvents, solutes, additives, and solvation structures. This review particularly highlights the importance of optimizing the lithium-ion desolvation process in developing low-temperature electrolytes, underlining the pivotal role of microscopic solvation structures in understanding interfaces and lithium-ion migration at low temperatures. This comprehensive perspective aims to guide future designs of low-temperature electrolytes, offering a reference for developing large-capacity energy storage systems in cold environments.

Key words: lithium-ion batteries, lithium metal batteries, low-temperature, electrolyte, solvation structure

中图分类号:

TM 911

陆洋, 闫帅帅, 马骁, 刘誌, 章伟立, 刘凯. 低温锂电池电解液的研究与应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(7): 2224-2242.

Yang LU, Shuaishuai YAN, Xiao MA, Zhi LIU, Weili ZHANG, Kai LIU. Low-temperature electrolytes and their application in lithium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2224-2242.

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