压缩空气储能技术多维度应用与发展路径分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0160

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球能源结构的深刻变革和“双碳”目标的提出，压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage, CAES)作为一种清洁、高效、大规模的储能技术，成为促进可再生能源并网消纳和构建新型电力系统的关键支撑，受到了广泛关注。本工作通过近期相关论文的调研，系统回顾了CAES技术的发展背景、需求、历程及建设现状，详细剖析了CAES技术的工作原理、技术分类及储气方式，综述了其在电源侧、电网侧和用户侧的多场景应用，并探讨了CAES技术的挑战和瓶颈。分析表明，CAES技术在电源侧、电网侧、用户侧均发挥着重要作用，但在效率、成本、环境影响和市场化收益模式方面仍面临挑战，通过技术创新(如高效核心设备研发、智能化调度系统引入)、模式优化(如虚拟电厂整合、共享储能模式推广)以及生态协同与国际合作(如行业标准制定、技术交流融合)，CAES技术有望在未来能源转型中发挥更大作用。进一步展望了CAES技术的未来发展方向，包括高温储热材料的国产化、多技术融合、政策支持完善以及技术标准国际化，为CAES技术的规模化发展和能源行业的绿色转型提供参考，助力能源安全与“双碳”目标实现。

关键词: 压缩空气储能, 能源转型, 技术挑战, 多维度应用, 发展路径

Abstract:

With the ongoing transformation of the global energy structure and the advancement of "dual-carbon" goals, compressed air energy storage (CAES), as a clean, efficient, and large-scale energy storage technology, has become a crucial support for facilitating grid integration of renewable energy and establishing new power systems, attracting widespread attention. This paper reviews the development background, demand, historical evolution, and construction status of CAES technology by analyzing recent related studies. The working principle, technical classifications, and gas storage methods of CAES are thoroughly analyzed. Furthermore, its multi-scenario applications on the power generation side, grid side, and user side are summarized. The challenges and bottlenecks faced by CAES technology are also discussed. The analysis indicates that CAES plays a vital role in all three aspects—power generation, grid operation, and end-user applications—yet it faces challenges related to efficiency, cost, environmental impact, and market-based revenue models. Through technological innovations, such as the development of high-efficiency core equipment and the implementation of intelligent scheduling systems, CAES performance can be significantly improved. Model optimization, including the integration of virtual power plants and the promotion of shared energy storage models, can further expand its applications. Additionally, ecological collaboration and international cooperation, involving the establishment of industry standards and the promotion of technology exchanges, can enhance the global influence of CAES. These measures will enable CAES technology to play a greater role in future energy transitions. Future development should focus on the localization of high-temperature thermal storage materials, multi-technology integration, enhancement of policy support, and internationalization of technical standards. These advancements will support the large-scale development of CAES and the decarbonization of the energy industry, contributing to energy security and the realization of the "dual-carbon" goal.

Key words: compressed air energy storage, energy transition, technical challenges, multi-dimensional applications, development paths

中图分类号:

TK 02

辛传奇, 王文权, 陈伟, 周练武, 刘继芹, 解恺, 安金彪, 马涛, 熊昊天. 压缩空气储能技术多维度应用与发展路径分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(9): 3636-3647.

Chuanqi XIN, Wenquan WANG, Wei CHEN, Lianwu ZHOU, Jiqin LIU, Kai XIE, Jinbiao AN, Tao MA, Haotian XIONG. Multi-dimensional application and development paths of compressed air energy storage technology[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(9): 3636-3647.

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电力储能类型		效率 /%	响应时间	寿命 /a	容量等级	单位成本 /(元/Wh)	优点	缺点
电化学储能	锂离子电池	85~95	毫秒级	14~16	数十兆瓦时	1.8	能量密度大、自放电小	成本高、一致性差
	钠离子电池	70~80	毫秒级	12~20	数十兆瓦时	2	响应快	成本高
	铅酸电池	70~80	秒级	2~3	数十兆瓦时	0.65	成本低	能量密度小，寿命短
	液流电池	65~75	毫秒级	10~15	数十兆瓦时	2.7	安全性好	能量密度小
机械储能	压缩空气储能	50~70	分钟级	30~40	数百兆瓦时	1.4	环保，成本低，容量大，用地少	大型储能库选址困难
机械储能	飞轮储能	70~90	毫秒级	20	数百兆瓦时	3	能量密度大、响应速度快	摩擦损失大、制造成本高
电磁储能	超级电容储能	>90	毫秒级	10~20	数十兆瓦时	—	寿命长、响应快、效率高	成本高、能量保持时间短
电磁储能	超导储能	>90	毫秒级	20	数十兆瓦时	—	响应快、功率密度高	可靠性和经济性受限
氢储能		35~42	秒级	15	数百兆瓦时	3.75	容量大、适用性强	能量转化率低
热储能	熔盐储能	<60	分钟级	25	数百兆瓦时	3	放电时间长、天气受限小	能量转化率低、材料要求高

技术类型	效率范围	主要特点	优缺点	代表项目	技术成熟度
传统补燃式压缩空气储能(CAES)	42%~54%	依赖化石燃料补燃加热，盐穴储气	优点：技术成熟；缺点：碳排放高、效率低	德国Huntorf电站美国McIntosh电站	商业运行
先进绝热压缩空气储能^[30-31] (AA-CAES)	55%~75%	回收压缩热，零碳排放，中/高温储热	优点：环保、效率较高；缺点：温度波动影响效率	中国江苏金坛60 MW/300 MWh项目	示范阶段
等温压缩空气储能^[32-33](I-CAES)	理论70%~95% 实际<45%	等温压缩/膨胀，精确温控	优点：理论效率高；缺点：设备要求高、经济性差	美国SustainX公司1.5 MW/1.5 MWh示范系统(已停止)	停滞
液化空气储能^[34] (LAES)	40%~85%	空气液化存储，储能密度高	优点：环保、效率高；缺点：系统复杂、成本高	英国Highview Power 5 MW/15 MWh项目中国青海格尔木60 MW/600 MWh项目(在建)	示范阶段
超临界压缩空气储能^[35-36](SC-CAES)	52.1%~70%	超临界状态压缩，冷热双能存储	优点：高储能密度；缺点：设备制造难、效率不稳定	中国廊坊1.5 MW示范装置	研发/示范阶段
水下压缩空气储能^[37-39](UW-CAES)	62%~81%	利用水体静压，环境友好	优点：储能密度高、环境影响小；缺点：维护难、成本高	加拿大安大略湖1.75 MW试验项目	研究/示范阶段
分布式压缩空气储能 (D-CAES)	—	多站点分散部署，冷热电联供	优点：灵活性高、适配分布式能源；缺点：管理复杂、单位成本高	尚无典型大型项目	探索阶段

储气方式	特点	优缺点	典型应用案例
盐穴^{[19, 40]}	利用地下盐穴储气，密封性好、力学稳定	优点：成本低、密封性优；缺点：依赖盐矿资源，地域受限	德国Huntorf电站美国McIntosh电站中国江苏金坛电站
废弃油气藏^[41]	改造枯竭油气田，利用已有地质信息	优点：节省选址成本；缺点：需详细地质评估，安全性要求高	美国加州PG&E公司拟建300 MW电站中国部分在研项目
人工硐室^[45]	人工开挖硬岩层硐室，混凝土衬砌密封	优点：不受地域限制；缺点：投资高、循环载荷下易泄漏	中国河北张家口项目中国甘肃酒泉在建项目中国辽宁朝阳在建项目
含水层^[43]	利用地下水排出形成气顶，储气规模大	优点：分布广、成本低；缺点：泄漏风险高、需复杂监测	美国匹兹菲尔德试验项目
废弃矿井巷道^[44]	改造废弃矿井巷道，结构稳定	优点：资源再利用、储气容量大；缺点：需加固维护，地质风险	日本上砂川町项目中国大同云冈矿在建项目
金属材料^[45-46]	采用高压储罐或管道，灵活性高	优点：不受地理限制；缺点：储气空间小、效率低、成本高	美国SustainX 1.5 MW系统中国河北廊坊1.5 MW示范系统中国贵州毕节10 MW管道储气项目
复合材料^{[6, 47]}	使用柔性复合材料气囊或增强管道，耐腐蚀、抗疲劳	优点：安装灵活、原材料成本低；缺点：维护成本高、结构失效风险	加拿大Hydrostor公司600 kW水下CAES示范工程