绿氨能源化及氨燃料电池研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2022.0390

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着全球“减碳”目标的提出，氢气被认为是最理想的清洁能源，但是制取成本高、储存及运输困难等问题限制了氢的大规模能源化应用。氨作为氢的载体，具有“零碳”意义的绿氨越来越引起各国重视。本文通过对近期相关文献的探讨，综述了绿氨能源化的前景及氨燃料应用的进展。介绍了绿氨的来源，从绿氨生产成本、技术成熟度及政策因素等方面，分析绿氨规模化应用前景及面临的挑战。船舶运输及发电等是氨燃料的重要目标应用领域，但是还需要进一步解决氨的安全性、掺烧理论以及燃烧系统改造等难题。氨燃料电池是氨能源化的重要技术，本文详细介绍了氨燃料电池的研究进展，包括氧离子导电电解质固体氧化物氨燃料电池、质子传导电解质固体氧化物氨燃料电池、质子膜氨燃料电池和碱性氨燃料电池等。综合分析表明，全球减碳政策驱动因素是现阶段绿氨发展的重要推动力。质子膜氨燃料电池和碱性氨燃料电池在短期内将无法满足氨燃料的规模化应用，而固体氧化物燃料电池具有高度的燃料灵活性，是最有前景的氨燃料电池类型。

关键词: 绿氨, 氨燃料, 燃料电池

Abstract:

With the proposal of a "carbon reduction" global goal, hydrogen is considered the ideal clean energy, but problems such as high production cost, storage, and transportation difficulties limit the large-scale energy application of hydrogen. Used as the carrier of hydrogen. green ammonia, with the meaning of zero carbon footprint, has attracted more and more attention. This study provides an overview of the potential energy applications for green ammonia, the development of green ammonia, and the application progress of ammonia fuel. Furthermore, this study introduces the source of green ammonia. The prospect and challenges of large-scale application of green ammonia are analyzed according to the production cost, technology maturity, and policy factors of green ammonia. Presently, ship transportation and power generation are essential target application fields of ammonia fuel. However, there are still some problems, including the safety of ammonia, mixed combustion theory, and combustion system transformation, among others. An ammonia fuel cell is an essential technology for the energy conversion of ammonia. The research progress of ammonia fuel cell is introduced in detail, including oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte ammonia solid oxide fuel cell, proton-conducting electrolyte ammonia solid oxide fuel cell, proton membrane-ammonia fuel cell and alkaline ammonia fuel cell. The comprehensive analysis shows that the global carbon reduction policy is essential for developing green ammonia at this stage. In the short term, proton membrane-ammonia fuel cell and alkaline ammonia fuel cell would not be able to handle the large-scale application of ammonia fuel. Solid oxide fuel cell with high fuel flexibility is the most promising type of ammonia fuel cell.

Key words: green ammonia, ammonia fuel, fuel cell

中图分类号:

TK 16

陈永珍, 韩颖, 宋文吉, 冯自平. 绿氨能源化及氨燃料电池研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(1): 111-119.

Yongzhen CHEN, Ying HAN, Wenji SONG, Ziping FENG. Research progress of green ammonia energy and ammonia fuel cell[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(1): 111-119.

图/表 10

图1

图2

表1

基于常规高压氨合成回路的棕氨、蓝氨和绿氨的能量需求和CO2 足迹[5]"

Item	Energy requirement(GJ/ $t N H 3$ )		CO₂ footprint( $t C O 2$ / $t N H 3$ )		Relative investment
Item	BAT	Potential	BAT	Potential	Relative investment
Brown ammonia	26	26	1.6	1.6	1.0
SMR	26	26	1.6	1.6	1.0
Naphtha	35	—	2.5	—	1.1～1.2
Heavy fuel oil	38	—	3.0	—	1.5
Coal	42	—	3.6	—	1.8～2.1
Blue ammonia	33	26	0.4	0.2	1.5
Byproduct hydrogen	—	—	1.5～1.6	0.6	—
SMR with CCS	33	27	0.4	0.2	1.5
Coal with CCS	57	—	1.0～2.0	0.5	2.5～3.0
eSMR	—	26	—	1.1	1.0
Green ammonia	33	26	0.1	0.0	1.2～1.5
Low temperature electrolysis	33	31	0.1	0.0	1.2～1.5
High temperature electrolysis	—	26	—	0.0	1.5～2.0
Biomass (with CCS)	—	33	1.1～1.2	0.5	1.2～3.0
Global average	35	27	2.0	1.4	—

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

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