Differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy: A pivotal technology for investigating lithium-ion batteries

doi:10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2018.0131

Abstract

Abstract: Safety issues of lithium-ion batteries are becoming prominent with its application in electric vehicle and large-scale energy storage fields. Flammable gases evolved from electrode|electrolyte interface play an important role on the batteries' safety characteristics. Fortunately, differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) as a powerful technology provides exploitable strategies for understanding the gas-related parasitic reaction mechanisms. The review covers the history, basics, know-how, and applications in safety researches of DEMS. In addition, emerging opportunities, critical challenges, future directions and strategies are particularly highlighted.

Key words: differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, lithium-ion battery, safety

CLC Number:

TM911

ZHAO Zhiwei, PENG Zhangquan. Differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy: A pivotal technology for investigating lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(1): 1-13.

References

[1] YANG Z, ZHANG J, KINTNER-MEYER M C W, et al. Electrochemical energy storage for green grid[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2011, 111:3577-3613.
[2] NITTA N, WU F, LEE J T, et al. Li-ion battery materials:Present and future[J]. Materials Today, 2015, 18:252-264.
[3] ETACHERI V, MAROM R, RAN E, et al. Challenges in the development of advanced Li-ion batteries:A review[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2011, 4:3243-3262.
[4] PELED E. The electrochemical behavior of alkali and alkaline earth metals in nonaqueous battery systems-The solid electrolyte interphase model[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1979, 126:2047-2051.
[5] VERMA P, MAIRE P, NOVÁK P. A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55:6332-6341.
[6] AURBACH D, MARKOVSKY B, SALITRA G, et al. Review on electrode-electrolyte solution interactions, related to cathode materials for Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 165:491-499.
[7] TRIPATHI A M, SU W N, HWANG B J. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47:736-851.
[8] TOKRANOV A, SHELDON B W, LI C, et al. In situ atomic force microscopy study of initial solid electrolyte interphase formation on silicon electrodes for Li-ion batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6:6672-6686.
[9] HATCHARD T D, DAHN J R. In situ XRD and electrochemical study of the reaction of lithium with amorphous silicon[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2004, 151:A838-A842.
[10] GUERFI A, DONTIGNY M, CHAREST P, et al. Improved electrolytes for Li-ion batteries:Mixtures of ionic liquid and organic electrolyte with enhanced safety and electrochemical performance[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195:845-852.
[11] MOSHKOVICH M, COJOCARU M, GOTTLIEB H E, et al. The study of the anodic stability of alkyl carbonate solutions by in situ FTIR spectroscopy, EQCM, NMR and MS[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2001, 497:84-96.
[12] HY S, FELIX F, RICK J, et al. Direct in situ observation of Li₂O evolution on Li-rich high-capacity cathode material, Li[Ni_xLi_(1-2x)/3 Mn_(2-x)/3] O₂(0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5)[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2014, 136:999-1007.
[13] WOLTER O, HEITBAUM J. Differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS)-A new method for the study of electrode processes[J]. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie, 1984, 88:2-6.
[14] BRUCKENSTEIN S, GADDE R R. Use of a porous electrode for in situ mass spectrometric determination of volatile electrode reaction products[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 1971, 18:5638-5646.
[15] TEGTMEYER D, HEITBAUM J, HEINDRICHS A. Electrochemical on line mass spectrometry on a rotating electrode inlet system[J]. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie, 1989, 93:201-206.
[16] BOGDANOFF P, FRIEBE P, ALONSO-VANTE N. A new inlet system for differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy applied to the photocorrosion of p-InP(111) single crystals[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1998, 145:576-582.
[17] GAO Y, TSUJI H, HATTORI H, et al. New on-line mass spectrometer system designed for platinum-single crystal electrode and electroreduction of acetylene[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1994, 372:195-200.
[18] HOLZAPFEL M, WÜRSIG A, SCHEIFELE W, et al. Oxygen, hydrogen, ethylene and CO₂ development in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174:1156-1160.
[19] MCCLOSKEY B D, BETHUNE D S, SHELBY R M, et al. Solvents' critical role in nonaqueous lithium-oxygen battery electrochemistry[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2011, 2:1161-1166.
[20] PENG Z, FREUNBERGER S A, CHEN Y, et al. A reversible and higher-rate Li-O₂ battery[J]. Science, 2012, 337:563-566.
[21] BERKES B B, JOZWIUK A, VRAČAR M, et al. Online continuous flow differential electrochemical mass spectrometry with a realistic battery setup for high-precision, long-term cycling tests[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2015, 87:5878-83.
[22] BALTRUSCHAT H. Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2004, 15:1693-1706.
[23] 王其钰, 褚赓, 张杰男, 等. 锂离子扣式电池的组装,充放电测量和数据分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2018, 7(2):324-344. WANG Qiyu, CHU Geng, ZHANG Jienan, et al. The assembly, charge-discharge performance measurement and data analysis of lithium-ion button cell[J]. Energy Storage Science and Thechnology, 2018, 7(2):324-344.
[24] XU K. Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2014, 114:11503-11618.
[25] GAUTHIER M, CARNEY T J, GRIMAUD A, et al. Electrode-electrolyte interface in Li-ion batteries:Current understanding and new insights[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2015, 6:4653-4672.
[26] NOVÁK P, GOERS D, HARDWICK L, et al. Advanced in situ characterization methods applied to carbonaceous materials[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005, 146:15-20.
[27] JOHO F, NOVÁK P. SNIFTIRS investigation of the oxidative decomposition of organic-carbonate-based electrolytes for lithium-ion cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2000, 45:3589-3599.
[28] ARAKAWA M, YAMAKI J I. Anodic oxidation of propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate on graphite electrodes[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 1995, 54:250-254.
[29] UFHEIL J, WÜRSIG A, SCHNEIDER O D, et al. Acetone as oxidative decomposition product in propylene carbonate containing battery electrolyte[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2005, 7:1380-1384.
[30] MICHALAK B, BERKES B B, SOMMER H, et al. Gas evolution in LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄/graphite cells studied in operando by a combination of differential electrochemical mass spectrometry, neutron imaging, and pressure measurements[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 88:2877-2883.
[31] ONUKI M, KINOSHITA S, SAKATA Y, et al. Identification of the source of evolved gas in Li-ion batteries using C-labeled solvents[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2008, 155:A794-A797.
[32] ZHANG B, METZGER M, SOLCHENBACH S, et al. Role of 1,3-propane sultone and vinylene carbonate in solid electrolyte interface formation and gas generation[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2015, 119:11337-11348.
[33] SHEARING P, WU Y, HARRIS S J, et al. In situ X-Ray spectroscopy and imaging of battery materials[J]. Electrochemical Society Interface, 2011, 20:43-47.
[34] HU E, YU X, LIN R, et al. Evolution of redox couples in Li-and Mn-rich cathode materials and mitigation of voltage fade by reducing oxygen release[J]. Nature Energy, 2018, 3:690-698.
[35] DING Y, LI Z F, TIMOFEEVA E V, et al. In situ EXAFS-derived mechanism of highly reversible tin phosphide/graphite composite anode for Li-ion batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2018, 8:doi:10.1002/aenm.201702134.
[36] YOU H, PIERCE M, KOMANICKY V, et al. Study of electrode surface dynamics using coherent surface X-ray scattering[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 82:570-575.
[37] DEDRYVÈRE R, LARUELLE S, GRUGEON S, et al. XPS identification of the organic and inorganic components of the electrode/electrolyte interface formed on a metallic cathode[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2005, 152:A689-A696.
[38] JUNFENG Y, NICKOLAY S, ALEXANDER K, et al. In-situ spectro-electrochemical insight revealing distinctive silicon anode solid electrolyte interphase formation in a lithium-ion battery[J]. Chemistry Select, 2016, 1:572-576.
[39] LI G, LI H, MO Y, et al. Further identification to the SEI film on Ag electrode in lithium batteries by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 104:190-194.
[40] MEYER B M, LEIFER N, SAKAMOTO S, et al. High field multinuclear NMR investigation of the SEI layer in lithium rechargeable batteries[J]. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2005, 8:A145-A148.
[41] TANG W, GOH B M, HU M Y, et al. In situ Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance study of trapped lithium in the solid electrolyte interface of reduced graphene oxide[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2016, 120:2600-2608.
[42] DUPRÉ N, MOREAU P, DE VITO E, et al. Multiprobe study of the solid electrolyte interphase on silicon-based electrodes in full-cell configuration[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 28:2557-2572.
[43] KINOSHITA K, BONEVICH J, SONG X, et al. Transmission electron microscopy of carbons for lithium intercalation[J]. Solid State Ionics, 1996, 86-88:1343-1350.
[44] BECKER C R, PROKES S M, LOVE C T. Enhanced lithiation cycle stability of ALD-coated confined a-Si microstructures determined using in situ AFM[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8:530-537.
[45] JUSYS Z. A new approach for simultaneous DEMS and EQCM:Electrooxidation of adsorbed CO on Pt and Pt-Ru[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1999, 146:1093-1098.
[46] ANDERSON M S. Locally enhanced Raman spectroscopy with an atomic force microscope[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2000, 76:3130-3132.
[47] LI Y, LI Y, PEI A, et al. Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo-electron microscopy[J]. Science, 2017, 358:506-510.