Table 1

Mechanical properties of lithium at room temperature"

Fig. 1

Stress-strain curves of bulk Lithium[38]: (a) Tensile test; (b) Compress test"

Fig. 2

Compression vs. time curves for initially 2.5 mm thick Li foil, (Test temperature: 303 K)[53]"

Fig. 3

Mechanical properties of electrodeposited lithium: (a) The Young’s modulus of the mossy lithium measured by flat punch indentation[42]; (b) The yield strength versus size for lithium[48]"

Fig. 4

Electrochemomechanics of lithium dendrite growth: (a) The lithium microstructure, the stress tensor distribution, and the plastic flow rate during lithium growth under various applied current density; (b) Roadmap of lithium dendrite growth regimes[65]"

Fig. 5

SEI failure map based on analytical models of wrinkling and delamination[73]"

Fig. 6

(a) Effect of structural uniformity and Young’s modulus on the stability of SEI[74]; Effect of ionic conductivity and Young’s modulus on the stability of SEI[75]"

Fig. 7

Mechanical deformation of a lithium-metal anode due to a separator[79]: (a) Model geometry of a lithium-metal battery; (b) Comparison of two pathways of separator effects on reaction kinetics"

Fig. 8

Dendrite mitigation by using soft substrate[83]"

Fig. 9

Dendrite growth in polymer electrolytes: (a) Schematic of model geometry[61]; (b) A phase map of the applied current with respect to the shear modulus of the polymer electrolyte phase[98]"

Fig. 10

Lithium dendrite growth in solid composite electrolyte by phase-field modeling[100]"

Fig. 11

Lithium dendrite growth in inorganic solid electrolytes: (a) The Li penetration mechanism in grain boundaries[110]; (b) Crack opening in solid electrolytes under dendrite growth induced stress[50]"

Fig. 12

Solid-solid contact interface between lithium metal and solid electrolyte: (a) Relation between the stack resistance and the applied stack pressure[117]; Solid-solid contact model between lithium metal and solid electrolyte[120]"