Table 1

Thermophysical properties of inorganic salts of some high-temperature phase change materials[6-7, 17-21]"

Table 2

Degree of supercooling of partial fluoride[7, 22]"

Table 3

Thermophysical properties of metal alloys of some high temperature phase change materials[17]"

Fig. 1

The DSC dependence of temperature of different compositions (a) 87.8Al-12.2Si, 80Al-20Si, 70Al-30Si, and 60Al-40Si, and (c) 45Al-40Si-15Fe and 17Al-53Si-30Ni with 87.8Al-12.2Si for comparison[26]; (b) The specific heat dependence of temperature of 87.8Al-12.2Si, 80Al-20Si, 70Al-30Si, 60Al-40Si, 45Al-40Si-15Fe, and 17Al-53Si-30Ni[26]; (d) Thermal conductivity of all the compositions: 87.8Al-12.2Si, 80Al-20Si, 70Al-30Si, 60Al-40Si, 45Al-40Si-15Fe, and 17Al-53Si-30Ni[26]"

Fig. 2

(a)The XRD patterns of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys[31],(b)DSC curves of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys; (c)Relative elongation of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys[31]; (d)Temperature dependence of density of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys[31]; (e)Temperatures dependence of the specific heat capacity of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys[31]; (f)Temperatures dependence of the thermal conductivity of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys[31]; (g)—(i) DSC curves of Mg-Ni-Zn alloys at different heating rates[(g)Mg-16Ni-24Zn, (h)Mg-15Ni-31Zn, (i)Mg-20.8Ni-22.6Zn][31]"

Fig. 3

SEM images of (a) expanded graphite; (b) 5%expanded graphite+Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3; (c) 6%expanded graphite+Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3; (d) 7%expanded graphite+Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3[46]; (e) XRD patterns; (f)Thermal conductivities and of the binary nitrate and composite phase change material[46]; (g)Variation of the phase change temperature of the 7%expanded graphite+Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3[46]; (h)DSC curves of the 7%expanded graphite+Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3 before and after 500 thermal cycles[46]"

Fig. 4

SEM images of (a)-(b) expanded graphite and (c)-(d) MgCl2-KCl/expanded graphite composite phase change material [48]; (e) XRD patternsand (f) DSC curves of MgCl2-KCl eutectic salt and MgCl2-KCl/expanded graphite composite phase change material[48]"

Fig. 5

SEM images of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(a) and Na2CO3/MgO composite phase change material with added MWCNTs sintered at high temperature (b)[53]; (c)X-ray diffraction patterns of Na2CO3/MgO composite phase change material[53]; (d)Thermal gravity analyses of Na2CO3/MgO composite phase change material[53]"

Fig. 6

(a)—(b)SEM, (c)EDS element mapping, (d)XRD patterns, (e)DSC curves, (f)TG curves images of the composite material[56]"

Fig. 7

SEM images of LiNO3/diatomite and Na2SO4/diatomite composite phase change material[68]"

Fig. 8

(a)—(b) The SEM image of expanded perlite[73]；(c)DSC and TGA curves of sodium nitrate/EP composites[73]；(d)XRD diffraction peaks of EP, sodium nitrate and composites[73]"

Fig. 9

(a)—(b) Expanded vermiculite images[74]; (c)Morphology of composite phase change material of NaNO3/Expanded vermiculite[74]；(d)—(f)DSC curves, X-ray diffraction patterns, FT-IR spectra of EV, NaNO3 , NaNO3/EV[74]"

Fig. 10

(a) Microstructure and morphology, (b) XRD patterns, (c) FT-IR spectra, (d) DSC curves of expanded vermiculite, LiNO3/Expanded vermiculite, NaNO3/Expanded vermiculite, KNO3/Expanded vermiculite[66]"

Fig. 11

Schematic diagram of fabrication methods of composite phase change material[76]"

Fig. 12

(a)Schematic of KNO3/ diatomite composite prepared by mixed sintering method[70]; (b) A flow chart of the novel process for fabricating the MgCl2-KCl/expanded graphite composite phase change material[48]; (c)Schematic of the synthesis of Ca(NO3)2-NaNO3/expanded graphite composite phase change material[46]"

Fig.13

application strategies of composite phase change materials[89] (a) packed bed; (b) Parallel channels with multi-layered heat storage"

Fig. 14

(a)Electric arc furnace and the PCM-based smoothing system[90]; (b)The basic geometry and layout of PCM containers[90]; (c)The basic geometry and layout of PCM container into which fluid is introduced[90]; (d)Final configuration of the PCM smoothing system[90]"

Fig. 15

(a)—(b)Photo of the high temperature phase change storage heater[95]; (c)—(d)Temperature curves with heating power of 1540 W[95]; (e)—(f)Temperature curves with heating power of 1810 W[95]; (g)Temperature curves of heat storage medium[95]; (h)Temperature curves of exterior surfaces of the heaters[95]; (i)Heat discharge rate of the heaters during power off[95]"

Fig. 16

(a)Scheme of the electrical storage heater[96]; (b)Scheme of the electric heater test process[96]; (c)Comparison between experimental and modelling results[96]; (d)Comparison of electrical storage heater total heat storage capacity[96]; (e)Compare the average temperature in the heater with the temperature at the outlet[96]"

Fig. 17

(a)Single tube based component and Concentric tube based component[97]; (b)Contact of rough surface between CPCMs module with presence of gas[97]; (c)Diagrammatic sketches of the experimental apparatus[97]; (d)Comparison of the experimental data and numerical results[97]; (e)Heat storage time and heat storage element density as a function of graphite loading[97]; (f)Effects of surface roughness of CPCMs module on charging and discharging processes[97]; (g)Comparison of two heat storage components based on phase change materials[97]"

Fig. 18

(a) Scheme of thermal energy storage[99]; (b) Outflow air temperature of different phase change materials[99]; (c) Schematic of graphite sandwich mechanism and heat exchanger with sandwich design[101]"

Fig. 19

(a)Schematic illustrations of the CPCMs based packed bed TES system[105]; (b)Meshing of the computational domain of the packed bed containing CPCMs[105]; (c)The time evolution of temperature at different locations of the system containing CPCMs and ferric oxide over the charging process[105]; (d)Time evolution of the heat transfer efficiency and heat storage/release efficiency at different graphite loading in the CPCMs during the charging process and discharging process[105]; (e)Time evolutions of the heat transfer efficiency at different operation conditions during the charging process and discharging proces[105]"