Table 1

Incomplete statistics of accidents at energy storage power stations from September 2011 to April 2021"

Fig. 1

Model establishment reference diagram (a) the actual energy storage silo diagram; (b) the model diagram in FLACS"

Table 2

Modeling dimensions of energy storage containers"

Fig. 2

Damaged intake louvers and pressure relief plates in the model (Panel 1 and Panel 2)"

Table 3

Pressure relief port size and location"

Fig. 3

Setting of ignition point"

Table 4

Location of ignition points"

Table 5

Variation of explosion characteristic parameters with fire point"

Fig. 4

(a) Shock wave pressure and (b) flame propagation velocity at different ignition point settings"

Fig. 5

2D combustion product distribution diagram at Z=0.86 m section in Case 11 when the ignition point is set in the middle of the channel"

Fig. 6

(a) and (b): When the ignition point is set in the middle of the channel, the 2D combustion product and maximum pressure distribution at the cross section of Y=1.22 m in Case 11; (c) Change of pressure at the center of Case 11 pressure relief plate with time; (d) Time dependent variation of shock wave pressure outside the pressure relief port of Case 11"

Table 6

Setting of pressure relief plate"

Table 7

Changes of explosion characteristic parameters with relief plate settings"

Fig. 7

(a) Shock wave pressure and (b) flame propagation velocity at different ignition point settings"

Fig. 8

Case 5 and Case 9, the pressure variation at the external measuring point of the pressure relief plate with time (the height of the measuring point is the same as the center height of each pressure relief plate)"

Fig. 9

Multi-container model settings"

Table 8

Container layout"

Fig. 10

3D distribution diagram of combustion products after calculation under different arrangements"

Fig. 11

Pressure variation of pressure relief plate on the side of 2 # and 7 # containers facing the ignition point over time"