Fig. 1

Geometric model of SOFC: (a) 2D model of ethanol SOFC[29]; (b) 2D model of tubular SOFC[30]; (c) Staggered single channel model[31]; (d) 3D model of tubular SOFC cell[32]; (e) 3D model of flat panel SOFC cell[33]; (f) 3D model of SOFC with double-sided cathodes[34]; (g) 3D model of panel SOFC stack[35]; (h) 3D model of tubular SOFC stack[36]"

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of the charge and gas transport paths within the electrodes[42]: (a) Gas transport paths in typical support designs; (b) Electric current conducting paths in typical support designs; (c) Gas transport paths in ACSC; (d) Electric current conducting paths in ACSC"

Fig. 3

Distribution of electric potential in cathode and the output average current density[42]: (a) Distribution of electric potential in cathode of the ASC; (b) Distribution of electric potential in cathode of the ACSC; (c) The effect of the output voltage on the average current density"

Fig. 4

Flow channels of planar-type SOFC[43]: (a) Schematics of an anode-supported; (b) Schematic of different flow channel cross section shape"

Fig. 5

Planar-type SOFC[44]: (a) Co-and counter-flow; (b) Cross-flow configuration (not in scale)"

Fig. 6

Mole fraction of H2 predicted for[44] : (a) Co-flow; (b) Counter-flow"

Fig. 7

Optimization of a new flow design for solid oxide cells[46]"

Fig. 8

Air-side[47]: (a) U-type configuration of air flow path on stack level; (b) Z-type configuration of air flow path on stack level"

Fig. 9

Manifold optimization before and after manifold flow rate: (a) 80-layer flat SOFC stack[49]; (b) Shape optimization of external manifold[50]"

Fig. 10

Temperature distributions within a 20-cell SOFC stack[57]"

Fig. 11

Heat distribution of single channel SOFC on cross section[59]: (a) x=0; (b) y=0; (c) z=90"

Fig. 12

Temperature field and temperature gradient in plane P1 at t=2010s, 4180s, 6200s, 8015s[60]"

Fig. 13

Planar-type SOFC[61]: (a) Temperature gradient along the flow direction for co-flow and counter-flow; (b) Von Mises stress along the direction of the co-flow and counter-flow; (c) The first and third principal stresses of the co-flow; (d) The first principal stress of the air inlet and the fuel inlet under free constraints in the counter-flow; (e) The first and third principal stresses of the counter-flow; (f) Counter-flow, first principal stress at the electrolyte-electrode interface under free confinement"

Fig. 14

Schematic of a micro-tubular SOFC with the (a) tubular separator and (b) flanged separator[30]"

Fig. 15

Three inlet and outlet designs of micro-tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell stack[62]"

Fig. 16

Micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell[68]"

Fig. 17

Geometry of designed SOFC with double-sided cathodes[34]: (a) Schematic diagram; (b) Schematic of components"