Table 1

Application of materials testing characterization techniques in the characterization of lithium-ion batteries"

Fig.1

(a) Dendrite growth process on the surface of the anode; (b) Closed cell phenomenon of diaphragm; (c) SEI thickness; (d) Particle rupture; (e) Damage of current collector[5-8]"

Fig.2

Surface and cross-sectional SEM plots of NCM811 cathode material at different cycle cycles [(a) (e) (i), (b) (f) (j), (c) (g) (k), (d) (h) (l) corresponding to 1 cycle, 100 cycle, 200 cycle, and 300 cycles, respectively][9]"

Fig.3

Schematic diagram of the SEM in-situ device: (a) is a cross-sectional test, (b) is a surface test[11-12]"

Fig.4

TEM patterns and elemental information of carbon-coated Si/SiO x anode materials at different electrochemical stages (fresh materials, formation, aging, and different cycles)[14]"

Fig.5

(a) Schematic diagram of the composition content at different locations on the surface of the LCO electrode piece (outer surface is close to the diaphragm layer, inner surface is near the current collector layer)[21]; (b) Schematic diagram of in-situ heating XPS, c) evolution of the relative elemental content of Li, C, O and F quantified by XPS survey spectra; (d) evolution of C1s, F1s, O1s and P2p spectra; (e) Evolution of the relative contents of various chemical bonds/components with increasing temperature from 25 to 300 ℃[26]"

Fig.6

Three-dimensional cross-section of SEI based on Young's modulus[27]"

Fig.7

Surface topography of the battery separator material as the temperature increases (data provided by Shimadzu)"

Fig.8

Surface ion fragments of NMC-89, NCA-89, NMCAM-89, and NMA-89 after cycling and 3D visualization after superposition[40]"

Fig.9

Synchrotron radiation XRD patterns of samples under different operating conditions and at different positions of the wound cell(On the right is the mass fraction of the LFP at the corresponding position. CAL is 3 years of storage at 3.3 V, CCC is 90% DOD cycle, and HEVC is low SOC range cycle)[46]"

Fig.10

In-situ XRD pattern of NMC material in the charged state as a function of temperature (a) NMC433; (b) NMC532; (c) NMC622; (d) NMC811[48]"

Fig.11

(a) Schematic diagram of the DEMS device and the structure of the DEMS unit; (b) The voltage distribution of the working electrode of the solid-state polymer lithium battery and the inactive material and the in-situ DEMS results of the corresponding mass signal m/z[71]"

Fig.12

X-CT reconstruction of battery samples at different scales[82]"

Fig.13

(a) Three-dimensional distribution of single particle elements in LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2[89-90]; (b) Spatial distribution of two valence states of Co (red is Co4+ and green is Co3+) in different states of LCO material[91]"

Fig.14

Ultrasonic transmission scan of pouch cell formation process with different electrolyte water content[94]"