Economic analysis of independent energy-storage project participation based on the optimization model of in-spot power market and primary frequency regulation markets

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0856

Abstract

Abstract:

It is difficult for independent energy storage to recover costs by only participating in the spot electricity market. Participation in both the spot and frequency regulation ancillary service markets will become a future trend. Due to the coupling of the two markets, independent energy-storage operators need to develop a reasonable market participation strategy to maximize returns. Considering the current price mechanisms and settlement mechanisms of power consumption of independent energy storage, based on the market rules of spot and primary frequency modulation, a joint optimization model of independent energy storage participating in spot and primary frequency modulation auxiliary service market at the same time is proposed and solved using mixed integer linear programming. Using the spot market price of a node in PJM and the data of Shanxi independent energy storage participating in a frequency modulation trial operation, an example is designed to analyze the cost and income composition of independent energy storage participating in different markets and different frequency modulation power ceilings, analyze the changing trend of daily cycle times of energy storage under different frequency modulation declared power, and compare the influence of transmission and distribution price and fund surcharge caused by power loss on the cost. Under the current market rules, independent energy storage power stations that use more than 2 h can significantly improve their income level and reduce life loss by simultaneously participating in spot and primary frequency modulation markets. The transmission and distribution price, government funds, and additional electricity charges costs caused by the loss of electricity can account for more than 20% of the operating cost of energy storage.

Key words: independent energy storage, primary frequency regulation, economic analysis, mixed integer linear programming

CLC Number:

TK 9

Lei WANG, Ruitao YAN, Fan ZHANG, Na YAN, Fen YUE, Xu FU, Mengchen LIU, Yunzhang YANG. Economic analysis of independent energy-storage project participation based on the optimization model of in-spot power market and primary frequency regulation markets[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(2): 834-845.

Figures/Tables 16

Table 1

Fig. 1

Table 2

Independent energy storage electricity price policies issued by some provinces"

政策名称	政策要点	政策解读
山东-关于印发《支持新型储能健康有序发展若干政策措施》的通知(鲁发改能源〔2023〕877号)	独立新型储能充电时作为市场用户，从电力市场中直接购电；放电时作为发电企业，从电力市场中进行售电。支持独立储能参与中长期市场和现货市场。独立储能电站向电网送电的，其相应充电电量不承担输配电价和政府性基金及附加	充电时作为用户，意味着充电电量(下网电量)需按用户当前的价格机制执行
广西-《加快推动广西新型储能示范项目建设的若干措施(试行)》的通知	在示范项目未参与电力市场交易前，充电电量用电价格暂按电网企业代理购电工商业及其他用电类别单一制电价标准执行，并执行峰谷分时电价政策；放电时作为发电企业，上网电价暂参照广西燃煤发电平均基准价0.4207元/千瓦时执行。在示范项目参与电力市场交易后向电网送电的，其相应充电电量不承担输配电价和政府性基金及附加	未参与电力市场交易前，充电电力按单一制用户峰谷分时电价政策执行
河北-《关于制定支持独立储能发展先行先试电价政策有关事项的通知》(冀发改能价〔2024〕172号)	独立储能电站向电网送电的，其相应充电电量不承担输配电价、系统运行费和政府性基金及附加，不执行功率因数考核，按规定承担上网环节线损费用	明确了独立储能与上网电量对应的充电电量除了不承担输配电价和政府性基金附加外，还不承担系统运行费，但要承担线损费用
宁夏-《自治区发展改革委关于促进储能健康发展的通知(征求意见稿)》	独立储能损耗电量承担输配电价(免收基本电费)、系统运行费、上网环节线损费用和政府性基金及附加，上网电量对应的下网电量不承担上述费用。下网无功电量执行功率因数调整电费	明确了独立储能损耗电量部分应承担的费用构成
贵州-《省发展改革委关于完善峰谷分时电价机制有关事项的通知》(黔发改价格〔2023〕481号)	独立储能电站向电网送电的，其相应充电电量不承担输配电价和政府性基金及附加	与上网电量对应的充电电量不承担政府性基金及附加

Table 2

Fig. 2

Table 3

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Table 4

Related parameter settings"

$P m a x$	$E e s$	$S O C m i n$	$S O C m a x$	$η c h$ 、 $η d i s$
100 MW	200 MWh	0.05	0.95	0.92
$K s t$	$C R$	$C E S t o t a l$	$N e s, c i r c l e$	N_life
2	10元/MW	3亿元	2次/天	10年
$E c u m$	$p a v e$	$k t d$	$k l$	k_om
365万kWh	0.5元/kWh	0.072元/kWh	0.014元/kWh	0.01
$P m a x r e$	$β$	m	$S O C m a x r e$	$S O C m i n r e$
30	0.03	10	0.7	0.3

Table 4

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Table 5

Table 6

Comparison of costs and benefits of independent energy storage power stations under different frequency regulation application capacity limits"

对比项	$P m a x r e = 15$ MW	$P m a x r e = 30$ MW	$P m a x r e = 45$ MW	$P m a x r e = 60$ MW	$P m a x r e = 75$ MW	$P m a x r e = 90$ MW
初始投资成本年值/万元	4271	4271	4271	4271	4271	4271
年运维成本/万元	300	300	300	300	300	300
输配电价及基金附加成本/万元	140	129	125	118	91	60
年网损成本/万元	27	25	24	23	18	12
年厂用电成本/万元	183	183	183	183	183	183
年充电成本/万元	1459	1374	1366	1333	1092	808
年放电收益/万元	2556	2350	2221	2068	1640	1135
年调频收益/万元	2433	5008	7523	10021	12506	14910
年净收益/万元	-1391	1075	3475	5862	8191	10411
日均循环次数/次	1.78	1.64	1.59	1.50	1.17	0.77

Table 6

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

References 17

1	胡泽春, 夏睿, 吴林林, 等. 考虑储能参与调频的风储联合运行优化策略[J]. 电网技术, 2016, 40(8): 2251-2257. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2016.08.001.
	HU Z C, XIA R, WU L L, et al. Joint operation optimization of wind-storage union with energy storage participating frequency regulation[J]. Power System Technology, 2016, 40(8): 2251-2257. DOI: 10.13335/j.1000-3673.pst.2016.08.001.
2	王杰, 方日升, 温步瀛. 风储联合系统参与能量市场和调频辅助服务市场协同优化[J]. 电器与能效管理技术, 2019(20): 51-57, 63.
	WANG J, FANG R S, WEN B Y. Collaborative optimization in energy and frequency regulation markets for wind farm with energy storage[J]. Electrical & Energy Management Technology, 2019(20): 51-57, 63.
3	刘林鹏, 陈嘉俊, 朱建全, 等. 风储联合参与电能量与快速调频市场的优化投标策略[J]. 华电技术, 2021, 43(9): 46-53.
	LIU L P, CHEN J J, ZHU J Q, et al. Optimization bidding strategy for wind power and energy storage participating in energy market[J]. Huadian Technology, 2021, 43(9): 46-53.
4	范高锋, 李佳宁, 丁晨, 等. 风储联合参与能量-调频辅助服务市场竞价策略及效益分析[J/OL]. 现代电力, 1-7[2025-02-12].https://doi.org/10.19725/j.cnki.1007-2322.2023.0179.
	FAN G F, LI J N, DING C, et al. Bidding Strategy and profit analysis of wind-storage system participating in energy and frequency modulation ancillary service market[J/OL]. Modern Electric Power, 1-7[2025-02-12].https://doi.org/10.19725/j.cnki. 1007-2322.2023.0179.
5	肖云鹏, 张兰, 张轩, 等. 包含独立储能的现货电能量与调频辅助服务市场出清协调机制[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40 (S1): 167-180.
	XIAO Y P, ZHANG L, ZHANG X, et al. The coordinated market clearing mechanism for spot electric energy and regulating ancillary service incorporating independent energy storage resources[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40 (S1): 167-180.
6	李国庆, 闫克非, 范高锋, 等. 储能参与现货电能量-调频辅助服务市场的交易决策研究[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2022, 50(17): 45-54.
	LI G Q, YAN K F, FAN G F, et al. Transaction decision-making of energy storage stations participating in the spot energy and frequency modulation ancillary service market[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2022, 50(17): 45-54.
7	许高秀, 王旭, 邓晖, 等. 考虑调频需求及风光出力不确定性的储能系统参与能量-调频市场运行策略[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47 (6): 2317-2330.
	XU G X, WANG X, DENG H, et al. Optimal operation strategy of energy storage system's participation in energy and regulation market considering uncertainties of regulation requirements and wind-photovoltaic output[J]. Power System Technology, 2023, 47 (6): 2317-2330.
8	朱宗耀, 王秀丽, 吴雄, 等. 复合储能参与电能量及辅助服务市场的运行策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47(18): 80-90.
	ZHU Z Y, WANG X L, WU X, et al. Operation Strategy for composite energy storage participating in electric energy and ancillary service markets[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(18): 80-90.
9	赵海岭, 王维庆, 李笑竹, 等. 计及储能参与的电能-调频-备用市场日前联合交易决策模型[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47(11): 4575-4587.
	ZHAO H L, WANG W Q, LI X Z, et al. Day ahead joint trading decision model for electricity, frequency regulation and reserve market considering energy storage participation[J]. Power System Technology, 2023, 47(11): 4575-4587.
10	徐宁, 周波, 凌云鹏, 等. 现货市场下独立储能参与能量与辅助服务协同优化策略[J/OL].现代电力, 1-8. [2025-02-12].https://doi.org/10.19725/j.cnki.1007-2322.2023.0193.
	XU N, ZHOU B, LING Y P, et al. Collaborative optimization strategy of energy and auxiliary services with independent energy storage participating under the spot market[J]. Modern Electric Power, 1-8. [2025-02-12].https://doi.org/10. 19725/j.cnki.1007-2322.2023.0193.
11	代江, 朱思霖, 田年杰, 等. 基于储能灵活能量状态的现货电能量-辅助服务市场联合出清机制[J]. 南方电网技术, 2024, 18 (1): 58-68.
	DAI J, ZHU S L, TIAN N J, et al. Joint clearing mechanism of spot power energy-auxiliary service market considering flexible state of energy in energy storage[J]. Southern Power System Technology, 2024, 18 (1): 58-68.
12	陈泽宇, 陈艳波. 计及循环寿命和电能量-调频市场出清的储能自调度策略[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2024, 48(14): 28-41.
	CHEN Z Y, CHEN Y B. Self-scheduling strategy of energy storage considering cycle life and clearing of electric power energy-frequency regulation market [J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2024, 48(14): 28-41.
13	李佳承, 翟文娟, 窦迅, 等. 计及多类型储能调频容量动态申报的电能量与调频市场联合出清方法研究[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48 (7): 2833-2841.
	LI J C, ZHAI W J, DOU X, et al. Joint clearing of the energy and frequency regulation market considering frequency capacity dynamic declarations of multiple types of energy storage[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48 (7): 2833-2841.
14	山西省能源局国家能源局山西监管办公室. 关于印发«电力市场规则体系(V14.0)»的通知[EB/OL].(2024-04-17)[2024-08-15]. https://www.shanxi.gov.cn/zfxxgk/zfxxgkzl/zc/xzgfxwj/bmgfxwj1/szfzsjg_76500/snyj_76509/202404/t20240417_9540391.shtml.
15	山西能源监管办. 关于印发«山西电力一次调频市场交易实施细则(试行)»的通知[EB/OL].(2023-09-13)[2024-08-15]. https://sxb.nea.gov.cn/dtyw/jggg/202309/t20230913_60810.html.
16	国家能源局山东监管办公室. 关于印发«山东电力市场规则(试行)»的通知[EB/OL].(2024-04-19)[2024-08-15]. https://sdb.nea.gov.cn/dtyw/tzgg/202404/t20240419_261034.html.
17	仉梦林, 胡志坚, 王小飞, 等. 基于动态场景集和需求响应的二阶段随机规划调度模型[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2017, 41(11): 68-76.
	ZHANG M L, HU Z J, WANG X F, et al. Two-stage stochastic programming scheduling model based on dynamic scenario sets and demand response[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2017, 41(11): 68-76.

市场规则	山西省	广东省	山东省
准入门槛	20 MW/40 MWh	5 MW/5 MWh	5 MW/10 MWh
参与市场方式	按月自主选择以“报量报价”或“报量不报价”的方式参与现货市场	现阶段可按照“报量报价”或“报量不报价”的方式参与	独立新型储能电站以“报量报价”方式参与现货市场出清
偏差结算方式	实际上网(下网)电量与日前出清结果的偏差按照实时现货市场节点电价(统一结算点电价)进行结算	每小时实际充放电量与日前市场出清电量的偏差，按照所在节点实时市场分时价格结算	实际结算电量与日前市场出清电量的偏差按实时市场价格结算
电量结算方式	上网电量按照日前现货市场的分时节点电价进行结算，下网电量按照日前现货市场统一结算点电价进行结算	以日前现货市场所在节点的小时平均节点电价作为相应时段的充电、放电结算价格	上网电量按日前现货市场所在物理节点的节点电价结算，下网电量以日前现货市场统一结算点现货电价结算

电量类型	责任主体	电价机制	电价构成
网损电量E_ctl	储能电站、用户	按责任主体各自用电量×上网环节线损折价	上网环节线损折价：根据当地电网统一的综合线损率来计算，依据代理购电价格得出

损耗电量E_cs	储能电站	充电按用户，是否考虑峰谷分时系数不明确；放电按电源，按所在节点电价收费	上网电价+上网环节线损费用+输配电价+系统运行费用+政府性基金及附加
站用电量E_s	储能电站	采用用户分时电价机制承担费用，考虑峰谷分时系数
上网电量E_on	用户	采用用户侧分时电价机制，考虑峰谷分时系数

[1]	Qingshan WANG, Yan LI, Qun ZHANG, Decheng WANG. A comparative analysis for various scaled mechanical energy storage technologies applied to power systems with a high share of renewable energy sources [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(2): 854-867.
[2]	Du JIN, Guangchen LIU, Bowen SUN, Tianyuan HUANG, Jianwei ZHANG, Guizhen TIAN, Lili JING. Primary frequency modulation control strategy for flywheel energy storage counting and wind farms [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1911-1920.
[3]	Siyuan HUANG, Chen WANG, Ting LIANG, Zhu JIANG, Jiajing LI, Xiaohui SHE, Xiaosong ZHANG. Research on optimal configuration for integrated energy system with liquid air energy storage combined heat and power supply [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 1929-1939.
[4]	Qili LIN, Zhen CHEN, Xiaohu WANG, Hongxun QI, Wei WANG. Economic analysis of large-scale hydrogen energy storage based on the “electric-hydrogen-electric” process [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 2068-2077.
[5]	Ran SUN, Jianbo WANG, Yanzhao MA, Xiaoke ZHANG, Huaizhong HU. Adaptive control strategy for primary frequency regulation for new energy storage stations based on reinforcement learning [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 858-869.
[6]	Liugan ZHANG, Yingchi ZHOU, Wenbing SUN, Kai YE, Longxiang CHEN. Performance of precooled CAES system using ORC-VCR to recover compression heat [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 611-622.
[7]	Zhiguo ZHANG, Gang WANG, Jing YANG, Shuping WANG, Dong LIU, Wufeng RAO. Research on the application of MW-level flywheel array for primary frequency regulation in wind farms [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(10): 3569-3578.
[8]	Wen DU, Junlei WANG, Yunfei XU, Shilong LI, Kun WANG. Techno-economic analysis for the preparation of Li-ion battery's ternary cathode material using flame spray pyrolysis [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 345-357.
[9]	Ming LI, Yunping ZHENG, Turhoun ARTHUR, fucairen Furi. Analysis and suggestions on new energy storage policy [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(6): 2022-2031.
[10]	Weiling ZHANG, Han GU, Chao ZHANG, Ang GE, Yuanxu YING. Technical economic characteristics and development trends of compressed air energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(4): 1295-1301.
[11]	Fuchao LI, Mingbiao CHEN, Qun DU, Yongzhen CHEN, Wenji SONG, Wenye LIN, Ziping FENG. Research on in-situ remote offshore wind-power consumption based on ice-slurry cold storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(12): 3730-3739.
[12]	Yu CAO, Tong JIANG, Chi LIU, Yong YANG, Wenfei LIU, Wenying LIU. Electrochemical energy storage participation in primary frequency regulation control strategy considering frequency characteristics and energy storage battery state [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(10): 3120-3130.
[13]	ZHANG Ping, KANG Libin, WANG Mingju, ZHAO Guang, LUO Zhenhua, TANG Kun, LU Yaxiang, HU Yongsheng. Technology feasibility and economic analysis of Na-ion battery energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1892-1901.
[14]	Kai FENG, Jiali LIN, Hui LI, Lian LIAN. Commercial investment value analysis of independent energy storage power station in Hunan Province [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(12): 4077-4083.
[15]	Kai DING, Jian ZHENG, Wei LI, Zengrui HUANG, Yi WANG, Yimin QIAN, Zixuan ZHENG, Qi XIE. Hierarchical voltage sag mitigation scheme based on user-side energy storage systems and its economic analysis [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(10): 3381-3390.