The influence of different pre-sodiation ratios on the performance of AC//HC sodium-ion capacitors

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0989

Abstract

Abstract:

In this work, NaNi_0.4Mn_0.4Fe_0.2O₂ (NMF) was used as the sodium-ion source for insertion into a hard carbon (HC) anode material. Various amounts of sodium ions were pre-doped into the HC electrode to achieve different pre-sodiation ratios. AC//HC sodium-ion capacitors were fabricated using an activated carbon (AC) cathode and a pre-sodiated HC anode. The influence of different pre-sodiation ratios on electrochemical performance was analyzed through electrochemical tests. Results indicated that sodium-ion capacitors with a pre-sodiation ratio above 50% exhibited significantly improved performance, including higher voltage, lower direct current internal resistance, enhanced capacity, superior rate performance, and increased power and cycle stability. With a pre-sodiation ratio of 80%, the capacitor demonstrated a linear charge-discharge profile over the voltage range. Additionally, the discharge capacity increased to 83.73 mAh, which was three times that of a capacitor with 0 pre-sodiation. In terms of rate performance, the discharge energy retention at 3 A (44C) improved significantly to 79.35% compared to that at 0.1 A (1.5C), whereas the capacitor with 0 pre-sodiation retained only 26.35% under the same conditions. Furthermore, as the pre-sodiation ratio increased from 0 to 80%, the power density rose from 9807.89 W/kg to 24498.51 W/kg. Capacitors with a 50% pre-sodiation ratio retained more than 90% of their initial energy after 3000 cycles, and their gas expansion degree was lower than that of capacitors with a pre-sodiation ratio below 30%. The lower open-circuit voltage (OCV) of the HC anode due to pre-sodiation increased the operating voltage range of the AC cathode, effectively enhancing the capacity and energy density of the AC//HC sodium-ion capacitor. Additionally, the lower OCV facilitated the formation of a dense solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, improving its stability and cycle performance. However, controlling the pre-sodiation ratio within an optimal range is crucial to achieving the best electrochemical performance. This research provides a scientific basis for the industrial implementation of sodium-ion capacitor pre-sodiation.

Key words: sodium-ion capacitors, pre-sodiation, sodium nickel iron manganese oxide, activated carbon, hard carbon

CLC Number:

TM 911

Zhongxun AN, Pengcheng LIANG, Chongyang YANG. The influence of different pre-sodiation ratios on the performance of AC//HC sodium-ion capacitors[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(4): 1679-1686.

Figures/Tables 6

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