Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries using phase change materials

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4239.2013.05.002

Abstract

Abstract: Good battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are essential for Liion batteries for safe, reliability and efficiency. A BTMS needs to ensure not only the temperature of all battery cells within a safe range, but also the maximum temperature difference between different cells within battery pack below 5 ℃. Conventional BTMSs such as active air cooling and liquid cooling require extra power and fail to cope with high density of heat generation. Passive BTMSs make use of latent heat of phase change materials (PCMs) to absorb the heat generated by batteries are proved to be an effective way to maintain the battery temperature within their safety range without the use of extra energy. If combined with expanded graphite or metal foams, thermal conductivity of PCMs could be improved significantly. This can minimize the battery pack temperature difference and achieve an uniform temperature difference between different cells. As it is relatively easy to make PCMs into different shapes, they can be applied to batteries of different shapes and battery systems with a variety of configurations.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal management system, phase change material

CLC Number:

TK02

LING Ziye, FANG Xiaoming, WANG Shuangfeng, ZHANG Zhengguo, LIU Xiaohong. Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries using phase change materials[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2013, 2(5): 451-459.

References

[1] Zhou J,Notten P H L. Studies on the degradation of Li-ion batteries by the use of microreference electrodes[J]. Journal of Power Sources ,2008,177(2):553-560.
[2] Kizilel R,Sabbah R,Selman J R,Al-Hallaj S. An alternative cooling system to enhance the safety of Li-ion battery packs[J]. Journal of Power Sources ,2009,194(2):1105-1112.
[3] Sabbah R,Kizilel R,Selman J R,Al-Hallaj S. Active (air-cooled) vs. passive (phase change material) thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs:Limitation of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2008,182(2):630-638.
[4] Al-Hallaj S,Selman J R. A novel thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries using phase-change material[J] . Journal of the Electrochemical Society ,2000,147(9):3231-3236.
[5] Vetter J,Novák P,Wagner M R, et al . Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2005,147(1-2):269-281.
[6] Bandhauer T M,Garimella S,Fuller T F. A critical review of thermal issues in lithium-ion batteries[J] . Journal of the Electrochemical Society ,2011,158(3):R1-R25.
[7] Ramadass P,Haran B,White R, et al . Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures part I:Cycling performance[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2002,112(2):606-613.
[8] Broussely M,Biensan Ph,Bonhomme F, et al . Main aging mechanisms in Li-ion batteries[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2005,146(1-2):90-96.
[9] Zhang Y C,Wang C Y,Tang X D. Cycling degradation of an automotive LiFePO 4 lithium-ion battery[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2011,196(3):1513-1520.
[10] Liu P,Wang J, Hicks-Garner J, et al . Aging mechanisms of LiFePO 4 batteries deduced by electrochemical and structural analyses[J] . Journal of the Electrochemical Society ,2010,157(4):A499-A507.
[11] Amine K,Liu J,Belharouak I. High-temperature storage and cycling of C-LiFePO 4 /graphite Li-ion cells[J] . Electrochemistry Communications , 2005,7(7):669-673.
[12] Shim J,Kostecki R,Richardson T, et al . Electrochemical analysis for cycle performance and capacity fading of a lithium-ion battery cycled at elevated temperature[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2002,112(1):222-230.
[13] Ramadass P,Haran B,White R, et al . Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures Part II:Capacity fade analysis[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2002,112(2):614-620.
[14] Ehrlich G M. Handbook of Batteries[M]. 3rd ed,New York:McGraw-Hill,2002.
[15] Kelly K J,Mihalic M,Zolot M. Battery usage and thermal performance of the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight during chassis dynamometer testing(XVII):The seventeenth annual battery conference on applications and advances[C] // Seventeenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances,Proceedings,2002:247-252.
[16] Zolot M D,Kelly K,Keyser M, et al . Thermal evaluation of the Honda insight battery pack[C]//The 36th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,2001.
[17] Matthew Z,Ahmad A P,Mark M. Thermal evaluation of Toyota prius battery pack[C]//Future Car Congress,2002.
[18] Ahmad P,Andreas V,Thomas S. Cooling and preheating of batteries in hybrid electric vehicles[C]//The 6th ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference,2003.
[19] Che Dulan(车杜兰),Zhou Rong(周荣),Qiao Weigao(乔维高). 电动汽车电池包散热加热设计[J]. Beijing Automotive Engineering (北京汽车),2010,1(1):5-7.
[20] Zolot M D, et al . Thermal evaluation of the Honda insight battery pack[C]//Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,2001.
[21] Chen Yongchong(陈永翀),Wang qiuping(王秋平).V2G or VEG?An investigation into the business model for future electric vehicles based on technological developments[J]. Energy Storage Science and Tochnology (储能科学与技术),2013,2(3):307-311.
[22] Ahmad A P. Battery thermal management in EVs and HEVs:Issues and solutions[C]//Advanced Automotive Battery Conference,2001.
[23] Nelson P,Dees D,Amine K, et al . Modeling thermal management of lithium-ion PNGV batteries[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2002,110(2):349-356.
[24] Wu Z J(吴忠杰),Zhang G Q(张国庆). The Liquid cooling system of the Ni-MH battery pack for hybrid electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Guangdong University of Technology (广东工业大学学报),2008,24(5):28-31.
[25] Zhang G Q(张国庆),Wu zhongjie(吴忠杰),Rao zhong hao(饶中浩), et al . Experimental invesitigation on heat pipe cooling effect for power battery[J] . Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress (化工进展),2009,28(7):1165-1168.
[26] Rao Z H,Wang S F,Wu M C, et al . Experimental investigation on thermal management of electric vehicle battery with heat pipe[J] . Energy Conversion and Management ,2013,65:92-97.
[27] Khateeb S A,Farid M M,Selman J R, et al . Design and simulation of a lithium-ion battery with a phase change material thermal management system for an electric scooter[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2004,128(2):292-307.
[28] Mills A,Al-Hallaj S. Simulation of passive thermal management system for lithium-ion battery packs[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2005,141(2):307-315.
[29] Zhang Z G,Fang X M. Study on paraffin/expanded graphite composite phase change thermal energy storage material[J] . Energy Conversion and Management ,2006,47(3):303-310.
[30] Mills A,Farid M,Selman J R, et al . Thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials using a graphite matrix[J] . Applied Thermal Engineering ,2006,26(14-15):1652-1661.
[31] Li M,Wu Z S. Thermal properties of the graphite/n-docosane composite PCM[J] . Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry ,2013,111(1):77-83.
[32] Cheng W L,zhang R M,Xie k, et al . Heat conduction enhanced shape-stabilized paraffin/HDPE composite PCMs by graphite addition:Preparation and thermal properties[J] . Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells ,2010,94(10):1636-1642.
[33] Darkwa J,Zhou T. Enhanced laminated composite phase change material for energy storage[J] . Energy Conversion and Management ,2011,52(2):810-815.
[34] Hasse C,Grenet M,Bontemps A, et al . Realization, test and modelling of honeycomb wallboards containing a phase change material[J] . Energy and Buildings ,2011,43(1):232-238.
[35] Karaipekli A,Sari A,Kaygusuz K. Thermal conductivity improvement of stearic acid using expanded graphite and carbon fiber for energy storage applications[J] . Renewable Energy ,2007,32(13):2201-2210.
[36] Li H,Liu X,Fang G Y. Synthesis and characteristics of form-stable n-octadecane/expanded graphite composite phase change materials[J] . Applied Physics A:Materials Science & Processing ,2010,100(4):1143-1148.
[37] Sari A,Karaipekli A. Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite composite as phase change material[J] . Applied Thermal Engineering ,2007,27(8-9):1271-1277.
[38] Wang W L,Yang X X,Fang Y T, et al . Preparation and thermal properties of polyethylene glycol/expanded graphite blends for energy storage[J] . Applied Energy ,2009,86(9):1479-1483.
[39] Zeng J L,Cao Z,Yang D W, et al . Thermal conductivity enhancement of Ag nanowires on an organic phase change material[J] . Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry ,2010,101(1):385-389.
[40] Zhang H Z,Wang X D,Wu D Z. Silica encapsulation of n-octadecane via sol-gel process:A novel microencapsulated phase-change material with enhanced thermal conductivity and performance[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science ,2010,343(1):246-255.
[41] Zhang X W. Thermal analysis of a cylindrical lithium-ion battery[J] . Electrochimica Acta ,2011,56(3):1246-1255.
[42] Ramandi M,Dincer I,Naterer G. Heat transfer and thermal management of electric vehicle batteries with phase change materials[J] . Heat and Mass Transfer ,2011,47(7):777-788.
[43] Al-Hallaj S,Albright G. Energy storage thermal management system using multi-temperature phase change materials:US,041361[P]. 2012-12-13.
[44] Somasundaram K,Birgersson E,Mujumdar A S. Thermal-electrochemical model for passive thermal management of a spiral-wound lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Power Sources ,2012,203:84-96.
[45] Duan X,Naterer G F. Heat transfer in phase change materials for thermal management of electric vehicle battery modules[J] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer ,2010,53(23-24):5176-5182.
[46] Al-Hallaj S,Selman J R. Thermal modeling of secondary lithium batteries for electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicle applications[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2002,110(2):341-348.
[47] Rao Z H,Wang S F,Zhang Y L. Simulation of heat dissipation with phase change material for cylindrical power battery[J] . Journal of the Energy Institute ,2012,85(1):38-43.
[48] Khateeb S A,Amiruddin S,Farid M, et al . Thermal management of Li-ion battery with phase change material for electric scooters: Experimental validation[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2005,142(1-2):345-353.
[49] Cao J H,Gao D W,Liu J X, et al . Thermal modeling of passive thermal management system with phase change material for LiFePO 4 battery[C] // 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC),2012:436-440.
[50] Rao Zhonghao,Wang Shuangfeng,Zhang Guoqing. Simulation and experiment of thermal energy management with phase change material for ageing LiFePO 4 power battery[J] . Energy Conversion and Management ,2011,52(12):3408-3414.
[51] Kizilel R,Lateef A,Sabbah R, et al . Passive control of temperature excursion and uniformity in high-energy Li-ion battery packs at high current and ambient temperature[J] . Journal of Power Sources ,2008,183(1):370-375.