Performance degradation analysis methods for fuel cell vehicles based on demonstration operations

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2020.0393

Abstract

Abstract:

The fuel cell vehicle commercialization demonstration operation project aims to study the commercial application prospect of fuel cell vehicles and improve fuel cell vehicles in terms of economy, reliability, and life. It is an important way to promote the commercial development of fuel cell vehicles. The fuel cell system's service life is the main factor restricting the commercial development of fuel cell vehicles. Therefore, it is important to improve the service life of fuel cell vehicles, analyze the performance attenuation process of fuel cell systems under road working conditions, and clarify the performance degradation mechanism of fuel cell systems through the research work of the demonstration operation project. On the basis of the discussions of related studies, this paper reviews the research progress of the fuel cell vehicle demonstration operation project, introduces methods to analyze fuel cell system performance degradation, and points out that the main research contents of the demonstration operation project mainly include operating condition and performance degradation analyses of fuel cell stacks. The data-driven and model-based analysis methods are introduced emphatically. The function to fit the steady-state polarization characteristics is deduced from the polarization curve used in fuel cell voltage analysis. The fitting results of the steady-state polarization characteristics are only applicable to specific operating environments and have no wide applicability. Finally, this paper summarizes the emphases of the fuel cell vehicle demonstration operation project research and the development trend of the analysis methods to provide a reference for fuel cell research based on demonstration operation.

Key words: fuel cell, demonstration operation, performance degradation, data analysis

CLC Number:

TM 911.42

Junsheng ZHENG, Ningning DAI, Kun ZHAO, Jingnan YU. Performance degradation analysis methods for fuel cell vehicles based on demonstration operations[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(2): 577-585.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 1

Table 5

References 45

1	HENNE R H, FRIEDRICH K A. Applications-transportation \| buses: Fuel cells[J]. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009: 193-202.
2	ALASWAD A, BAROUTAJI A, ACHOUR H, et al. Developments in fuel cell technologies in the transport sector[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(37): 16499-16508.
3	CHAN S H, STEMPIEN J P, DING O L, et al. Fuel cell and hydrogen technologies research, development and demonstration activities in Singapore-An update[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(32): 13869-13878.
4	OSVALDO M, ESPÍNOLA G, DA SILVA E P, et al. Are HFC buses a feasible alternative for urban transportation in Paraguay?[J] International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37(21): 16177-16185.
5	AHMADI P, KJEANG E. Comparative life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel cell passenger vehicles in different Canadian provinces[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(38): 12905-12917.
6	HARALDSSON K, FOLKESSON A, SAXE M, et al. A first report on the attitude towards hydrogen fuel cell buses in Stockholm[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 31(3): 317-325.
7	HEO J Y, YOO S H. The public's value of hydrogen fuel cell buses: a contingent valuation study[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(11): 4232-4240.
8	SAXE M, FOLKESSON A, ALVFORS P. A follow-up and conclusive report on the attitude towards hydrogen fuel cell buses in the CUTE project—From passengers in Stockholm to bus operators in Europe[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2007, 32(17): 4295-4305.
9	LANGFORD B C, CHERRY C. Transitioning a bus transit fleet to hydrogen fuel: a case study of Knoxville Area transit[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011, 37(3): 2635-2643.
10	LI Xiangjun, LI Jianqiu, XU Liangfei, et al. Performance analysis of proton-exchange membrane fuel cell stacks used in Beijing urban-route buses trial project[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(8): 3841-3847.
11	YANG C, OGDEN J M. Renewable and low carbon hydrogen for California-modeling the long-term evolution of fuel infrastructure using a quasi-spatial TIMES model[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(11): 4250-4265.
12	OGDEN J M. Developing an infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles: a Southern California case study[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1999, 24(8): 709-730.
13	ROWSHANZAMIR S J, AMJADI M. Review of the proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(17): 9349-9384.
14	LI X G. Principles of fuel cells[M]. Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006.
15	SALOMÉ S, FERRARIA A M, REGO B D, et al. Enhanced activity and durability of novel activated carbon-supported PdSn heat-treated cathode catalyst for polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2016, 192: 268-282.
16	HIRAMITSU Y, SATO H, HOSOMI H, et al. Influence of humidification on deterioration of gas diffusivity in catalyst layer on polymer electrolyte fuel cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 195(2): 435-444.
17	HUA Thanh, AHLUWALIA R, EUDY L, et al. Status of hydrogen fuel cell electric buses worldwide[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 269: 975-993.
18	侯中军, 甘全, 马由奇, 等. 客车用燃料电池发动机耐久性研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2010, 46(6): 39-43.
	HOU Zhongjun, GAN Quan, MA Youqi, et al. Study on durability of the fuel cell power system for the bus application[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2010; 46(6): 39-43.
19	JOUIN M, GOURIVEAU R, HISSEL D, et al. Prognostics of PEM fuel cell in a particle filtering framework[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(1): 481-494.
20	JOUIN M, GOURIVEAU R, HISSEL D, et al. Prognostics and health management of PEMFC-State of the art and remaining challenges[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38(35): 15307-15317.
21	PETRONE R, HISSEL D, PÉRA M C, et al. Accelerated stress test procedures for PEM fuel cells under actual load constraints: State-of-art and proposals[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(36): 12489-12505.
22	MORANDO S, JEMEI S, GOURIVEAU R, et al. Fuel cells remaining useful lifetime forecasting using echo state network [C]//IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), 2014: 1-6.
23	JOUIN M, GOURIVEAU R, HISSEL D, et al. Joint particle filters prognostics for proton exchange membrane fuel cell power prediction at constant current solicitation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 2015, 205(2): 211-216.
24	SILVA R E, GOURIVEAU R, JEMEÏ S, et al. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell degradation prediction based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(21): 11128-11144.
25	JAHNKE T, FUTTER G, LATZ A, et al. Performance and degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: state of the art in modeling from atomistic to system scale[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 304: 207-233.
26	MAYUR M, STRAHL S, HUSAR A, et al. A multi-timescale modeling methodology for PEMFC performance and durability in a virtual fuel cell car[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(46): 16466-16476.
27	THEILER A, JEREB L K. Modelling of the mechanical durability of constrained Nafion membrane under humidity cycling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(31): 9773-9782.
28	WON Seongyeon, OH Kyeongmin, JU Hyunchul. Numerical degradation studies of high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells with phosphoric acid-doped PBI membranes[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(19): 8296-8306.
29	SUGAWARA S, MARUYAMA T, NAGAHARA Y, et al. Performance decay of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells under open circuit conditions induced by membrane decomposition[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 187(2): 324-331.
30	QUIROGA M A, MALEK K, FRANCO A A. A multiparadigm modeling investigation of membrane chemical degradation in PEM fuel cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 163(2): F59-F70.
31	REISER C A, BREGOLI L, PATTERSON T W, et al. A reverse-current decay mechanism for fuel cells[J]. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2005, 8(6): A273.
32	DEBE M K, SCHMOECKEL A K, VERNSTROM G D, et al. High voltage stability of nanostructured thin film catalysts for PEM fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 161(2): 1002-1011.
33	DARLING R M, MEYERS J P. Kinetic model of platinum dissolution in PEMFCs[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2002, 150(11): A1523-1527.
34	DARLING R M, MEYERS J P. Mathematical model of platinum movement in PEM fuel cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2004, 152(1): A242-247.
35	BI Wu, FULLER T F. Modeling of PEM fuel cell Pt/C catalyst degradation[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 178(1): 188-196.
36	LI Yubai, MORIYAMA K, GU Wenbin, et al. A one-dimensional Pt degradation model for polymer electrolyte fuel cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162(8): F834-F842.
37	LU Languang, OUYANG Minggao, HUANG Haiyan, et al. A semi-empirical voltage degradation model for a low-pressure proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack under bus city driving cycles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 164(1): 306-314.
38	JANG J H, CHIU H C, YAN W M, et al. Effects of operating conditions on the performances of individual cell and stack of PEM fuel cell[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 180(1): 476-483.
39	PARK Y H, CATON J A. Development of a PEM stack and performance analysis including the effects of water content in the membrane and cooling method[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 179(2): 584-591.
40	LI Yankun, ZHAO Xingqiang, LIU Zhixiang, et al. Experimental study on the voltage uniformity for dynamic loading of a PEM fuel cell stack[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(23): 7361-7369.
41	LI Xianguo, SABIR I, PARK Jaewan. A flow channel design procedure for PEM fuel cells with effective water removal[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 163(2): 933-942.
42	LI Jianqiu, HU Zunyan, XU Liangfei, et al. Fuel cell system degradation analysis of a Chinese plug-in hybrid fuel cell city bus[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(34): 15295-15310.
43	张新丰, 杨代军, 周拓. 车用燃料电池系统的性能衰退机理及影响因素分析[J]. 汽车安全与节能学报, 2012, 3(3): 276-286.
	ZHANG Xinfeng, YANG Daijun, ZHOU Tuo. Analysis of performance degradation mechanism and influencing factors of vehicle fuel cell system[J]. Journal of Automotive Safety and Energy, 2012, 3(3): 276-286.
44	LARMINIE J, DICKS A. Fuel Cell Systems Explained [M]. 2^nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2003.
45	张新丰, 沈勇, 杨瑞, 等. 道路环境下质子交换膜燃料电池系统性能衰退统计研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2013, 28(6): 16-20.
	ZHANG Xinfeng, SHEN Yong, YANG Rui, et al. Statistical study on performance degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell system in road environment[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2013, 28(6): 16-20.

指标	一期奔驰客车	二期福田客车	二期上汽客车
车辆数/辆	3	3	6
电堆累计工作时间/h	5699	3646	26261
累计行驶里程/km	92116	75460	201196
总加氢量/kg	16621	5753	20281
氢气消耗率/kg·(100 km)^-1	18	9.56	11.6
完好车率/%	89	99	不详
各类故障总次数	67	22	不详

指标	SunLine AFCB	UCI AFCB	OCTA AFCB	SARTA AFCB
时间	2012.3—2018.7	2016.1—2018.7	2016.6—2018.7	2017.10—2018.7
车辆数/辆	7	1	1	5
电堆累计工作时间/h	38304	3813	2827	6786
累计行驶里程/km	815126	83790	59237	148903
氢气消耗率/kg·(100 km)^-1	11.12	11.95	9.57	12.86
总加氢量/kg	87640	9735	5392	18976
平均速度/km·h^-1	19.6	22	21	21.9
完好车率/%	74	78	55	65

指标	Aargau	Bolzano	London	Milan
车辆累计工作时间/h	60200	33500	133600	17400
累计行驶里程/百万公里	1.3	0.6	1.4	0.2
氢气消耗率/kg·(100 km)^-1	7.9	8.7	9.8	10.4
总加氢量/kg	102700	52200	137200	20800
完好车率/%	81	89	67	66

流程	分析对象	主要内容	目的
运行工况分析	系统	车速、运行里程、工作时间	总体上分析燃料电池系统的运行状况
	传动系统	功率需求、氢气消耗
	燃料电池	输出电流、输出功率
燃料电池衰退分析	电压	在特定电流下的平均电压衰退率	对燃料电池系统的性能衰退做出总体评价
	电压一致性	在特定电流下的电压一致性变化
	过电势	基于不同部分的过电势，分析性能衰退的原因
	不同区域的衰退	比较不同区域的燃料电池衰退情况

	常数部分		等效电阻r
	燃料电池模块1	燃料电池模块2	燃料电池模块1	燃料电池模块2
区域1	0.7790	0.7794	0.2759	0.3227
区域2	0.7826	0.7769	0.3027	0.3156
区域3	0.7812	0.7749	0.3132	0.3185
区域4	0.7787	0.7741	0.2920	0.3177
区域5	0.7718	0.7741	0.2729	0.3291
平均值	0.7787	0.7759	0.2913	0.3209
最大偏差	-0.89%	+0.45%	+7.52%	+2.56%