Economic analysis of large-scale hydrogen energy storage based on the “electric-hydrogen-electric” process

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0955

Abstract

Abstract:

In line with the "carbon peak, carbon neutral" initiative, the significance of hydrogen energy is increasingly recognized. Currently, hydrogen energy storage, based on the "electric-hydrogen-electric" process, is primarily in the demonstration application phase, with energy storage cost being a critical factor for its competitiveness. However, targeted research on the levelized cost of large-scale hydrogen energy storage (LCOES) is lacking. This study addresses this gap by establishing an LCOES model for hydrogen energy storage power and conducting quantitative analysis on a 25 MW scale hydrogen energy storage power station system. Subsequently, LCOES levels are projected for future scenarios. The findings reveal that the LCOES of the hydrogen energy storage system is 4.758 CNY/kWh. Capital expenditures are primarily attributed to the hydrogen production system (44.66%), while operational expenditures are dominated by hydrogen production costs (42.99%). Electricity prices notably influence hydrogen energy storage costs, with every 0.1 CNY/kWh decrease resulting in an 8.18% reduction in LCOES. Although enhancing power generation efficiency is challenging, it substantially impacts the economics of hydrogen energy storage, with every 10% increase leading to an 11.88% to 12.50% reduction in LCOES. A 10% decrease in the prices of hydrogen production and power generation system equipment correlates with a 6.06% decrease in LCOES. Energy storage duration markedly affects LCOES, particularly with shorter durations. Within the 4 to 8 h range, each additional hour of energy storage could decrease LCOES by an average of 0.394 CNY/kWh. As hydrogen production and fuel cell equipment prices decline and efficiency improves, hydrogen energy storage is anticipated to emerge as a competitive technical solution for long-term and extended-duration energy storage applications.

Key words: hydrogen energy storage, electric-hydrogen-electric, large-scale, levelized cost of energy storage, economic analysis

CLC Number:

TK 02

Qili LIN, Zhen CHEN, Xiaohu WANG, Hongxun QI, Wei WANG. Economic analysis of large-scale hydrogen energy storage based on the “electric-hydrogen-electric” process[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 2068-2077.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Table 3

References 36

10	中国化学与物理电源行业协会储能应用分会. 2023中国新型储能产业发展白皮书[R]. 2023.
	Energy Storage Application Branch of China Industrial Association of Power Source. White paper on the development of China new energy storage industry[R]. 2023.
11	俞红梅, 邵志刚, 侯明, 等. 电解水制氢技术研究进展与发展建议[J]. 中国工程科学, 2021, 23(2): 146-152.
	YU H M, SHAO Z G, HOU M, et al. Hydrogen production by water electrolysis: Progress and suggestions[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(2): 146-152.
12	潘光胜, 顾钟凡, 罗恩博, 等. 新型电力系统背景下的电制氢技术分析与展望[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47(10): 1-13.
	PAN G S, GU Z F, LUO E B, et al. Analysis and prospect of electrolytic hydrogen technology under background of new power systems[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(10): 1-13.
13	HE M, ZHOU H, LYU C, et al. Analysis of large-scale energy storage technology for renewable energy based on liquid hydrogen[C]// QIU L, WANG K, MA Y. International Cryogenic Engineering Conference and International Cryogenic Materials Conference. Singapore: Springer, 2023: 149-155.
14	吴朝玲, 李永涛, 李媛, 等. 氢气储存和输运[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2021.
	WU C L, LI Y T, LI Y. Hydrogen storage and transportation[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2021.
15	王士博, 孔令国, 蔡国伟, 等. 电力系统氢储能关键应用技术现状、挑战及展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(17): 6660-6681.
	WANG S B, KONG L G, CAI G W, et al. Current status, challenges and prospects of key application technologies for hydrogen storage in power system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(17): 6660-6681.
16	王明华. 氢能储运技术经济性分析及建立绿氨储运基地设想[J]. 现代化工, 2023, 43(6): 1-5.
	WANG M H. Economic analysis on hydrogen energy storage and transportation technologies and tentative plan in establishing a green ammonia storage-transportation base[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2023, 43(6): 1-5.
17	林旗力, 戚宏勋, 黄晶晶, 等. 碱性-质子交换膜水电解复合制氢平准化成本分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(11): 3572-3580.
	LIN Q L, QI H X, HUANG J J, et al. Levelized cost of combined hydrogen production by water electrolysis with alkaline-proton exchange membrane[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(11): 3572-3580.
18	Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century. Renewables 2007 global status report[R]. 2008.
19	百人会氢能中心, 车百智库. 氢储能经济性分析及应用前景研究[R]. 2023.
	EV100 Hydrogen Center, EV100plus. Economics analysis and prospect of hydrogen energy storage[R]. 2023.
20	徐进, 丁显, 宫永立, 等. 电解水制氢厂站经济性分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(7): 2374-2385.
	XU J, DING X, GONG Y L, et al. Economic analysis of hydrogen production plant with water electrolysis[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(7): 2374-2385.
21	张磊, 谢南宏, 曹田田, 等. 氢能在交通领域的应用及燃料电池汽车成本分析[J]. 石油石化绿色低碳, 2022, 7(4): 1-5, 30.
	ZHANG L, XIE N H, CAO T T, et al. Application of hydrogen energy in transportation and cost analysis of fuel cell vehicles[J]. Green Petroleum & Petrochemicals, 2022, 7(4): 1-5, 30.
22	刘健康. 考虑需求响应的含氢储能微电网低碳经济优化配置[D]. 吉林: 东北电力大学, 2023.
	LIU J K. Low-carbon economic optimal configuration of hydrogen energy storage microgrid considering demand response[D]. Jilin: Northeast Dianli University, 2023.
23	张轩, 樊昕晔, 吴振宇, 等. 氢能供应链成本分析及建议[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(5): 2364-2371.
	ZHANG X, FAN X Y, WU Z Y, et al. Hydrogen energy supply chain cost analysis and suggestions[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(5): 2364-2371.
24	SUERMANN M, BENSMANN B, HANKE-RAUSCHENBACH R. Degradation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis cells: Looking beyond the cell voltage increase[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(10): F645-F652.
25	江岳文, 杨国铭, 陈宇辛, 等. 考虑电解槽动态制氢效率的氢网运行优化[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(8): 3014-3027.
	JIANG Y W, YANG G M, CHEN Y X, et al. Optimal operation for the hydrogen network under consideration of the dynamic hydrogen production efficiency of electrolyzers[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(8): 3014-3027.
26	KOJ J, WULF C, SCHREIBER A, et al. Site-dependent environmental impacts of industrial hydrogen production by alkaline water electrolysis[J]. Energies, 2017, 10(7): 860.
27	LEE B, CHAE H, CHOI N H, et al. Economic evaluation with sensitivity and profitability analysis for hydrogen production from water electrolysis in Korea[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(10): 6462-6471.
28	LIU X Y, REDDI K, ELGOWAINY A, et al. Comparison of well-to-wheels energy use and emissions of a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle relative to a conventional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicle[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(1): 972-983.
29	白城吉电氢能科技有限公司. 白城分布式发电制氢加氢一体化示范项目环境影响报告表[R]. 2023.
	Baicheng Jidian Hydrogen Energy Technology Co., LTD. Environmental impact report of Baicheng distributed generation hydrogen production and hydrogenation integrated demonstration project[R]. 2023.
30	FAN J L, YU P W, LI K, et al. A levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) comparison of coal-to-hydrogen with CCS and water electrolysis powered by renewable energy in China[J]. Energy, 2022, 242: 123003.
31	哈希姆·内里, 王才胜. 燃料电池的建模与控制及其在分布式发电中的应用[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2022.
1	许传博, 刘建国. 氢储能在我国新型电力系统中的应用价值、挑战及展望[J]. 中国工程科学, 2022, 24(3): 89-99.
	XU C B, LIU J G. Hydrogen energy storage in China's new-type power system: Application value, challenges, and prospects[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2022, 24(3): 89-99.
2	国家能源局. 氢储能电站储氢系统运行规程(征求意见稿)[S]. 2023.National Energy Administration. Code for operation of hydrogen storage systems from hydrogen energy storage power (draft for public comments)[S]. 2023.
3	王杭婧, 孙国正, 周颖. "双碳"目标下零碳氢储能市场推广研究——以安徽六安兆瓦级氢能源储能电站为例[J]. 商业经济, 2022(3): 110-112, 118.
	WANG H J, SUN G Z, ZHOU Y. Research on market promotion of zero-hydrocarbon energy storage under carbon peak and neutrality target: A case study of megawatt hydrogen energy storage power station in Anhui Lu'an[J]. Business & Economy, 2022(3): 110-112, 118.
4	ALONSO A M, COSTA D, MESSAGIE M, et al. Techno-economic assessment on hybrid energy storage systems comprising hydrogen and batteries: A case study in Belgium[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 52: 1124-1135.
5	ABDELGHANY M B, MARIANI V, LIUZZA D, et al. Hierarchical model predictive control for islanded and grid-connected microgrids with wind generation and hydrogen energy storage systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 51: 595-610.
6	张真, 黎妍. 氢储能经济性及应用前景研究[J]. 价格理论与实践, 2023(2): 93-97.
	ZHANG Z, LI Y. Economics analysis and prospect of hydrogen energy storage[J]. Price (Theory & Practice), 2023(2): 93-97.
7	何颖源, 陈永翀, 刘勇, 等. 储能的度电成本和里程成本分析[J]. 电工电能新技术, 2019, 38(9): 1-10.
	HE Y Y, CHEN Y C, LIU Y, et al. Analysis of cost per kilowatt-hour and cost per mileage for energy storage technologies[J]. Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy, 2019, 38(9): 1-10.
8	文军, 刘楠, 裴杰, 等. 储能技术全生命周期度电成本分析[J]. 热力发电, 2021, 50(8): 24-29.
	WEN J, LIU N, PEI J, et al. Life cycle cost analysis for energy storage technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2021, 50(8): 24-29.
9	刘阳, 滕卫军, 谷青发, 等. 规模化多元电化学储能度电成本及其经济性分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2023, 12(1): 312-318.
	LIU Y, TENG W J, GU Q F, et al. Scaled-up diversified electrochemical energy storage LCOE and its economic analysis[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(1): 312-318.
31	NEHRIR M H, WANG C S. Modeling and control of fuel cells: distributed generation applications[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2022.
32	全球能源互联网发展合作组织. 绿氢发展与展望[M]. 北京: 中国电力出版社, 2022.
	Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization. Development and prospect of green hydrogen[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2022.
33	衣宝廉, 俞红梅, 侯中军, 等. 氢燃料电池[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2021.
	YI B L, YU H M, HOU Z J. Hydrogen fuel cell[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2021.
34	International Energy Agency. Global Hydrogen Review 2022[R]. 2022.
35	中国人民银行货币政策司. 全国银行间同业拆借中心受权公布贷款市场报价利率(LPR)公告[EB/OL]. (2023-11-20) [2023-11-25].http://www.pbc.gov.cn/zhengcehuobisi/125207/125213/125440/3876551/5139163/index.html.
	Monetary Policy Department of the People's Bank of China. The national interbank lending center was authorized to publish the loan market quotation rate (LPR) announcement [EB/OL]. (2023-11-20) [2023-11-25]. http://www.pbc.gov.cn/zhengcehuobisi/125207/125213/125440/3876551/5139163/index.html.
36	WANG Y L, QIN Y M, MA Z B, et al. Operation optimisation of integrated energy systems based on cooperative game with hydrogen energy storage systems[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(95): 37335-37354.

设备		技术规格
制氢系统	电解槽系统	PEM，25 MW/5000 m³/h
储氢系统	纯化装置	5000 m³/h
	缓冲罐	2 MPa，300 m³
	压缩机	膜式，20 MPa，5000 m³/h
	储氢罐	20 MPa，200 m³
发电系统	燃料电池	PEMFC，12.5 MW
冷却系统	机力冷却塔系统	3000 t/h

序号	名称	成本/万元
1	PEM电解槽系统(含电源、纯水制取设备)	15900
2	纯化装置	300
3	缓冲罐	60
4	压缩机	3000
5	储氢罐	1500
6	PEMFC燃料电池	5625
7	机力冷却塔系统	1000
8	土建、安装及其他费用	8125.5

参数	单位	数据	参考文献	备注
制氢效率	%	80	[11-12]
发电效率	%	80	[31-32]
制氢系统价格	元/kW	1908	[34]	下降70%
发电系统价格	元/kW	500	[19]

[1]	Chu ZHANG, Dongcai CHEN, Xiangping CHEN, Yongxiang CAI. Economic benefit analysis of optimal allocation of energy storage in multiple application scenarios [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(6): 2078-2088.
[2]	Liugan ZHANG, Yingchi ZHOU, Wenbing SUN, Kai YE, Longxiang CHEN. Performance of precooled CAES system using ORC-VCR to recover compression heat [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 611-622.
[3]	Wen DU, Junlei WANG, Yunfei XU, Shilong LI, Kun WANG. Techno-economic analysis for the preparation of Li-ion battery's ternary cathode material using flame spray pyrolysis [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 345-357.
[4]	Weiling ZHANG, Han GU, Chao ZHANG, Ang GE, Yuanxu YING. Technical economic characteristics and development trends of compressed air energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(4): 1295-1301.
[5]	Fuchao LI, Mingbiao CHEN, Qun DU, Yongzhen CHEN, Wenji SONG, Wenye LIN, Ziping FENG. Research on in-situ remote offshore wind-power consumption based on ice-slurry cold storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2023, 12(12): 3730-3739.
[6]	Jinzhi WANG, Xiaolei HAN, Chaofeng XU, Jingwen ZHAO, Yue TANG, Guanglei CUI. Research progress of sodium energy storage batteries using oxide solid-state electrolytes [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(9): 2834-2846.
[7]	ZHANG Ping, KANG Libin, WANG Mingju, ZHAO Guang, LUO Zhenhua, TANG Kun, LU Yaxiang, HU Yongsheng. Technology feasibility and economic analysis of Na-ion battery energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(6): 1892-1901.
[8]	Kai DING, Jian ZHENG, Wei LI, Zengrui HUANG, Yi WANG, Yimin QIAN, Zixuan ZHENG, Qi XIE. Hierarchical voltage sag mitigation scheme based on user-side energy storage systems and its economic analysis [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(10): 3381-3390.
[9]	Huihui YANG, Li ZENG, Bo TANG, Xiaoqing WANG, Yong LU. Experimental study on an EG/paraffin composite thermal storage material and its feasibility for off-peak power heating utilization [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(1): 19-29.
[10]	Dekun FU, Wenji SONG, Mingbiao CHEN, Ziping FENG. Techno-economic analysis of seasonal cold storage technology and its application in protected agriculture [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(6): 2385-2391.
[11]	Qihui YU, Li TIAN, Xiaofei LI, Xiaodong LI, Xin TAN, Yeming ZHANG. Compressed air energy storage capacity configuration and economic evaluation considering the uncertainty of wind energy [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1614-1623.
[12]	Lei HOU, Zichi WANG, Yingchao LI, Saihao WANG, Yajie ZHANG, Yusen ZHANG. Analysis and multi-objective optimization of CAES system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(1): 379-384.
[13]	Lihui LIU, Yajing MO, Xiaoqin SUN, Jie LI. Thermal storage characteristics and optimization of plate-type phase change energy storage unit [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(6): 1784-1789.
[14]	FAN Yongsheng, ZHAO Lulu, LIU Qinghua, LEMMON John, MIAO Ping. Economic analysis of flow battery energy storage for wind farm application [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 725-729.
[15]	LIU Qinghua, ZHANG Sai, JIANG Mingzhe, WANG Qiushi, XING Xueqi, YANG Hong, HUANG Feng, LEMMON P John, MIAO Ping. Study on the low-cost flow battery technologies for energy storage [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(S1): 60-64.