NSGA-II optimization-assisted model predictive control strategy for electric vehicle thermal management systems

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0079

Abstract

Abstract:

Thermal management systems play a significant role in the safety, comfort, and energy efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). Effective thermal management systems for EVs require appropriate control strategies, especially when multiple conflicting control objectives are involved. Herein, we review the existing control strategies used in EV thermal management systems and propose a novel multi-objective model predictive control (MPC) strategy for the optimal operation of thermal management systems. First, we developed a comprehensive numerical model of an EV thermal management systems. Next, we established the MPC strategy enhanced by the NSGA-II algorithm to simultaneously optimize temperature control in the cabin and batteries, as well as the energy consumption. Finally, we assessed and compared the impacts of different control strategies on the performance of EV thermal management systems under various driving conditions. The results demonstrate that under different working conditions, the proposed MPC strategy can effectively control the temperatures of both the cabin and batteries, thereby reducing their fluctuations and ameliorating the effects of significant changes in driving conditions on battery temperature. In addition, the MPC strategy can effectively reduce energy consumption, achieving energy-saving rates of approximately 4%—15% and 1%—6% compared with the threshold control and PID control strategies, respectively.

Key words: thermal management, optimal control, MPC, NSGA-II, electric vehicle

CLC Number:

TK 11

Chunjiang DAI, Wenye LIN, Shuaiqi LI, Xiang CHEN, Wenji SONG, Ziping FENG, Frédéric KUZNIK. NSGA-II optimization-assisted model predictive control strategy for electric vehicle thermal management systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2200-2214.

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部件	参数	数值	单位
压缩机	排量	161	cc
冷凝器	长×宽×高	685×475×16	mm
蒸发器	长×宽×高	295×272×38	mm
膨胀阀	横截面积	2.14	mm²
板式换热器	长×宽×高	150×76×2.5	mm
散热器	长×宽×高	320×275×16	mm

参数	值	单位
标称容量	40	Ah
长×宽×高	148×27×92	mm
重量	0.85	kg
比热容	1192	J/(kg·K)
长度方向热导率	55	W/(m·K)
宽度方向热导率	0.853	W/(m·K)
高度方向热导率	55	W/(m·K)

主要参数	符号	不确定度
电池内阻	R_o+R_p	±0.00029 Ω
电池温度	T_bat	±0.5 ℃
熵热系数	dU_ocv/dT_bat	±0.0041 mV/K
电池荷电状态	SOC	±0.00024

项目	MAE	MSE	RMSE
MPC	0.70	12.75	3.57
开关控制	2.14	20.63	4.54
PID控制	0.83	13.41	3.66

项目	MAE	MSE	RMSE
MPC	0.025	0.0028	0.053
开关控制	0.086	0.012	0.11
PID控制	0.089	0.034	0.18