Experimental study on NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0897

Abstract

Abstract:

As currently the main energy battery of electric vehicles, NCM lithium-ion batteries under over-charging conditions might trigger thermal runaway and lead to serious vehicle fire accidents,. In this paper, a fire test of NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle was carried out by over-charging the battery. The temperatures inside the battery pack, under the chassis, on the car surface and inside of the car, and the temperatures and radiative heat flux intensities all around the car, were measured during the test. The fire heat release rate was also measured by using the oxygen consumption principle. The results show that right after the thermal runaway of the battery pack, combustible gas released from the battery pack was immediately ignited and formed a jet flame. The horizontal distance of the flame jet was approximately 4m. The flame quickly ignited the vehicle tires and other combustibles around the chassis, and then the fire caused the window glass to break consequently, igniting the interior and seats within the vehicle compartment. The entire vehicle burst into flame violently. The fire growth rate (α = 0.98 kW/s²) of the tested vehicle was much greater than that of an ultra-fast fire (α = 0.1875 kW/s²), and the peak of fire heat release rate was measured to be approximately 8.0 MW. The peak radiative heat flux intensity at 0.5m and 1.0m away from the edge of the vehicle were 60~80 kW/m² and 30~35 kW/m², respectively, which might ignite the adjacent vehicles and cause fire to spread.

Key words: electric vehicle, NCM lithium-ion battery, overcharge, thermal runaway, fire spread, heat release rate

CLC Number:

X932

Lei PENG, Zhaopeng NI, Yue YU, Fupeng SUN, Xiulong XIA, Peng ZHANG, Zeyang YU. Experimental study on NCM lithium-ion battery electric vehicle fire caused by over-charging[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0897.

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序号	阶段	时间	事件	事件概况	图号
1	第一阶段：过充及点燃阶段	0min 0s	开始过充	试验开始	图7(a)
2		1h 6min 48s	有白烟从底盘的前侧溢出，持续约9s	底盘冒白烟	图7(b)
3		1h 6min57s	底盘溢出的烟气着火	点燃出现明火	图7(c)
4	第二阶段：初期蔓延阶段	1h 7min 14s	火焰向车前喷出，呈明显的喷射火焰状态，喷出距离约2m	火焰呈典型的喷射火状态	图7(d)
5		1h 7min 35s	喷射火焰的最远距离达到约4m	火焰呈典型的喷射火状态	图7(e)
6		1h 7min 2s	右侧前轮胎被引燃	车辆自身的轮胎，被相继引燃	图7(f)
7		1h 7min 56s	左侧前轮胎被引燃		图7(g)
8		1h 8min 58s	右侧后轮胎被引燃		图7(h)
9		1h 10min 49s	左侧后轮胎被引燃		图7(i)
10		1h 7min 53s	右侧间隔0.5m的前方轮胎，被引燃	相邻车位轮胎，被相继引燃	图7(j)
11		1h 10min 52s	右侧间隔0.5m的后方轮胎，被引燃	相邻车位轮胎，被相继引燃	图7(k)
12	第三阶段：完全燃烧阶段	1h 10min 58s	后排右侧的玻璃破裂	车窗玻璃相继破裂	图7(l)
13		1h 11min 21s	前挡玻璃破裂		图7(m)
14		1h 13min 40s	前排左侧的玻璃破裂		图7(n)
17	第四阶段：衰减阶段	1h 21min	车辆前轮胎和前机舱基本燃烧殆尽，火势开始变小	火势逐渐衰减	图7(o)
18	第四阶段：衰减阶段	1h 40min	除驾驶台和仪表盘区域还有明显火焰外，其他区域的火势基本燃烧殆尽	火势逐渐衰减	图7(p)

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