基于电化学热耦合模型的电池热管理研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0620

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

动力锂电池在快速充放电过程中，会产生大量的热量，具有热积聚热失控的风险，要对电池进行热管理。本文首先建立了电池电化学热耦合模型，对电池的温升特性进行研究，然后设计了基于复合相变材料（CPCM）的电池热管理系统，对电池在高倍率放电过程中进行控温管理，最后，比较了不同电池间距情况下，电池热管理系统对电池温度和温差的控制效果。数值仿真结果表明，单电池在3 C倍率放电过程中，电池最高温度为58.9 ℃，而当采用复合相变材料对电池冷却时，即使在35 ℃的环境温度下，也可以有效把电池最高温度控制在46.1 ℃，温差控制在3.6 ℃，从而能确保电池在适宜工作温度内安全运行，延长电池组的使用寿命和提高电池安全性能。更重要的是，通过对复合相变材料的固相率进行分析表明，固相率不为0时，可以有效控制电池温度和温差，而当热管理系统中的复合相变材料固相率为0时，电池组温度和温差均快速升高，因此通过对复合相变材料固相率指数进行分析，有助于复合相变材料的应用及热管理系统的优化。

关键词: 复合相变材料, 锂电池, 电化学, 热管理

Abstract:

In rapid charging and discharging process, power lithium batteries generate a substantial amount of heat, posing the risk of heat accumulation and thermal runaway. Therefore, thermal management is essential for battery safety. This study first establishes an electrochemical-thermal coupling model for batteries and investigates the temperature rise characteristics of batteries. Then, a battery thermal management system based on composite phase change materials (CPCMs) is designed to regulate battery temperature during high-rate discharge. Finally, the temperature control effect of the battery thermal management system on battery temperature and temperature difference is compared under different battery spacing conditions. The numerical simulation results show that during the 3 C rate discharge process of a single battery, the maximum temperature of the battery is 58.9 ℃. However, using phase change materials for battery cooling, even at an ambient temperature of 35 ℃, the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the battery can be effectively controlled at 46.1 ℃ and 3.6 ℃, respectively, thereby ensuring safe operation of the battery, extending the service life of the battery pack, and improving battery safety performance. Moreover, the analysis of the solid-phase ratio of CPCMs shows that maintaining a non-zero solid-phase ratio effectively controls battery temperature and temperature difference. However, when the solid-phase ratio of CPCMs in the thermal management system is zero, the battery pack temperature and temperature difference rapidly increase. Therefore, analyzing the solid-phase ratio index of CPCMs proves beneficial for their application and the optimization of thermal management systems.

Key words: composite phase change material, lithium-ion battery, electrochemical, thermal management

中图分类号:

TM 911

宋梦琼, 彭宇, 廖自强. 基于电化学热耦合模型的电池热管理研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 578-585.

Mengqiong SONG, Yu PENG, Ziqiang LIAO. Research on battery thermal management based on electrochemical model[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 578-585.

图/表 11

图1

图2

表1

表2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

参考文献 24

1	陈桂泉, 沙盈吟, 赵威风, 等. 动力电池老化诱发热失控机理仿真[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2022, 11(12): 3987-3998.
	CHEN G Q, SHA Y Y, ZHAO W F, et al. Simulation study on the mechanism and process of thermal runaway induced by aging of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2022, 11(12): 3987-3998.
2	孙涛, 郑侠, 郑岳久, 等. 基于电化学热耦合模型的锂离子电池快充控制[J]. 汽车工程, 2022, 44(4): 495-504.
	SUN T, ZHENG X, ZHENG Y J, et al. Fast charging control of lithium-ion batteries based on electrochemical-thermal coupling model[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2022, 44(4): 495-504.
3	冯旭宁. 车用锂离子动力电池热失控诱发与扩展机理、建模与防控[D]. 北京: 清华大学, 2016.
	FENG X N. Thermal runaway initiation and propagation of lithium-ion traction battery for electric vehicle: Test, modeling and prevention[D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2016.
4	BERNARDI D, PAWLIKOWSKI E, NEWMAN J. A general energy balance for battery systems[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1985, 132(1): 5.
5	DOYLE M, FULLER T F, NEWMAN J. Modeling of galvanostatic charge and discharge of the lithium/polymer/insertion cell[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1993, 140(6): 1526.
6	DU S L, LAI Y Q, AI L, et al. An investigation of irreversible heat generation in lithium ion batteries based on a thermo-electrochemical coupling method[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 121: 501-510.
7	MEI W X, CHEN H D, SUN J H, et al. Numerical study on tab dimension optimization of lithium-ion battery from the thermal safety perspective[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 142: 148-165.
8	LIN X W, ZHOU Z F, ZHU X G, et al. Non-uniform thermal characteristics investigation of three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupled model for pouch lithium-ion battery[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, 417: 137912.
9	HUANG Y F, LAI X, REN D S, et al. Thermal and stoichiometry inhomogeneity investigation of large-format lithium-ion batteries via a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermal coupling model[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2023, 468: 143212.
10	LI J H, HUANG J H, CAO M. Properties enhancement of phase-change materials via silica and Al honeycomb panels for the thermal management of LiFeO₄ batteries[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 131: 660-668.
11	THOMAS E V, CASE H L, DOUGHTY D H, et al. Accelerated power degradation of Li-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2003, 124(1): 254-260.
12	PESARAN A A. Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2002, 110(2): 377-382.
13	WANG S P, ZHANG D F, LI C H, et al. Numerical optimization for a phase change material based lithium-ion battery thermal management system[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 222: 119839.
14	WU X H, WANG K, CHANG Z J, et al. Experimental and numerical study on hybrid battery thermal management system combining liquid cooling with phase change materials[J]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 139: 106480.
15	KENISARIN M, MAHKAMOV K, KAHWASH F, et al. Enhancing thermal conductivity of paraffin wax 53–57 ℃ using expanded graphite[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2019, 200: 110026.
16	SARI A, KARAIPEKLI A. Thermal conductivity and latent heat thermal energy storage characteristics of paraffin/expanded graphite composite as phase change material[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2007, 27(8/9): 1271-1277.
17	WANG Q, ZHOU D, CHEN Y, et al. Characterization and effects of thermal cycling on the properties of paraffin/expanded graphite composites [J]. Pergamon, 2020, 147(1): 1131-1138.
18	ZHANG X, LIU C Z, RAO Z H. Experimental investigation on thermal management performance of electric vehicle power battery using composite phase change material[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 201: 916-924.
19	BAIS A, SUBHEDAR D, PANCHAL S. Experimental investigation of longevity and temperature of a lithium-ion battery cell using phase change material based battery thermal management system[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023
20	AN Z J, JIA L, WEI L T, et al. Investigation on lithium-ion battery electrochemical and thermal characteristic based on electrochemical-thermal coupled model[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 137: 792-807.
21	JIANG F M, PENG P, SUN Y Q. Thermal analyses of LiFePO₄/graphite battery discharge processes[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2013, 243: 181-194.
22	LAI Y Q, DU S L, AI L, et al. Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2015, 40(38): 13039-13049.
23	GUO Z J, WANG Y, ZHAO S Y, et al. Investigation of battery thermal management system with considering effect of battery aging and nanofluids[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2023, 202: 123685.
24	黄菊花, 陈强, 曹铭, 等. 相变材料与水套式液冷结构耦合的圆柱型锂离子电池组热管理仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(4): 1423-1431.
	HUANG J H, CHEN Q, CAO M, et al. Thermal management simulation analysis of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack coupled with phase change material and water-jacketed liquid-cooled structures[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(4): 1423-1431.

参数	参数含义/单位	铝	正极	隔膜	负极	铜	来源
L	电极厚度/μm	16	92	20	59	9	[20]
r	粒子半径/μm		1.15		14.75		[20]
C_s,max	固相颗粒最大嵌锂溶度/(mol/m³)		22806		31370		[20]
C_s,0	固相初始锂离子溶度/(mol/m³)		3800		21061
C_l,0	液相初始锂离子溶度/(mol/m³)			1500			[20]
ε_s	固相体积分数		0.51		0.72
ε_l	液相体积分数		0.21	0.4	0.22
D_s	固相扩散系数/(m²/s)		1.25×10^-15		3.90×10^-14		[21]
D_l	液相扩散系数/(m²/s)			方程式(12)			[22]
σ_s	固相电导率/(S/m)		0.5		100		[20]
σ_l	液相电导率/(S/m)			方程式(13)			[22]
K_ref	反应速率常数/(m/s)		1.40×10^-12		3.00×10^-11		[23]
E	活化能/(J/mol·m^-1)		4000		4000		[20]
γ	布鲁格曼系数		1.5	1.5	1.5		[20]
T_ref	参考温度/℃			25			[20]
α	传递系数		0.5		0.5		[20]
t₊	锂离子迁移数			0.363			[20]
F	法拉第常数/(C/mol)			96487			[20]

参数	数值
融化温度/℃	42
融化范围/℃	5
导热系数/[W/(K·m)]	3.5
密度/(kg/m³)	800
比热容/[J/(kg·K)]	2000
相变潜热/(kJ/kg)	160

[1]	袁照凯, 范秋华, 王冬青, 孙天民. 基于MIAEKF的多温度下锂电池SOC估计[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 680-690.
[2]	廖琪, 曹小林, 邓谊柏, 杨耀林, 陈挺. 有轨电车超级电容模组液冷散热仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 702-711.
[3]	陶致格, 朱顺兵, 侯双平, 李可, 王赫. 锂电池储能电站火灾与消防安全防护技术综合研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 536-545.
[4]	刘新, 毛喜玲, 闫欣雨, 王俊强, 李孟委. 三维孔道NiMn-MOF电极材料制备及电化学性能研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 361-369.
[5]	周洋, 韩培玉, 牛迎春, 徐春明, 徐泉. 金属有机框架衍生的C-Bi/CC电极制备及其在铁铬液流电池中的电化学性能[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 381-389.
[6]	徐鑫甜, 张碧霄, 朱信龙, 杨凯杰. 基于电池箱体开孔的储能电池系统精细化热设计优化研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 515-525.
[7]	唐盼春, 严嵘, 张灿, 孙泽. 堆叠式车载超级电容器热管理方式分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(2): 483-491.
[8]	童文欣, 黄中垣, 王睿, 邓司浩, 何伦华, 肖荫果. 基于空间分辨中子衍射方法的锂离子电池电化学反应均匀性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 72-81.
[9]	欧阳意梅, 赵蒙蒙, 钟贵明, 彭章泉. 电化学储能界面的核磁共振谱学研究方法[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 157-166.
[10]	张新新, 申晓宇, 岑官骏, 乔荣涵, 朱璟, 郝峻丰, 孙蔷馥, 田孟羽, 金周, 詹元杰, 武怿达, 闫勇, 贲留斌, 俞海龙, 刘燕燕, 黄学杰. 锂电池百篇论文点评（2023.10.1—2023.11.30）[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 252-269.
[11]	刘红, 李俊霞. 高比能二次锂电池电极材料的储能系统配电网运行建模与仿真研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 342-344.
[12]	李琳. 经济视角下锂离子电池产业技术现状、挑战与未来[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 358-360.
[13]	徐熙祥, 赵越, 阮明岳, 李强. 基于磁性测试揭示CoO储锂机理[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 12-23.
[14]	闫苏, 钟芳芳, 刘俊伟, 丁美, 贾传坤. 高能量密度液流电池关键材料与先进表征[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 143-156.
[15]	肖也, 徐磊, 闫崇, 黄佳琦. 锂电池用参比电极的设计与应用[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(1): 82-91.