某钛酸锂电池储能电站热失控致灾危害评价

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对锂离子电池热失控引发的电化学储能电站火灾特性不清、致灾危害评价方法缺失等问题，本工作以某钛酸锂电池储能电站的电池为研究对象，采用实验研究和理论分析相结合的方法，首先系统探究了不同滥用工况下钛酸锂电池的热失控及火灾危险性，揭示了钛酸锂电池热失控特征参数变化规律。实验结果表明，电池荷电状态及加热位置都会对电池热失控特性产生明显影响。随后，基于单体电池热失控危害数据结果作出两种最不利情况假设，在此假设基础上，提出了“火”(热危害)、“毒”(气体毒性危害)、“爆”(爆炸危害)三维度评价法，并以三维度评价法对两种最不利情况下的热失控致灾危害进行评估，最终得出该钛酸锂电池储能电站电池热失控时最不利情况下的安全区距离值为96 m。

关键词: 钛酸锂电池, 储能电站, 热失控, 火灾, 致灾危害评价

Abstract:

The characteristics of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway and its potential to trigger fires in electrochemical energy storage power stations remain poorly understood. Furthermore, there is a lack of robust disaster hazard evaluation methods that can address these risks. Thus, this study focused on a lithium-titanate battery storage power station battery and conducted both experimental research and theoretical analysis. The thermal runaway and fire hazards of lithium-titanate batteries were investigated under various abuse conditions to reveal the evolution of thermal runaway characteristic parameters. Results revealed that both the battery's state of charge and the location of the applied heat significantly affect the thermal runaway behaviors. Consequently, the date were used to develop two worst-case scenarios were to characterize the hazards associated with a single battery's thermal runaway. Using these assumptions, a three-dimensional hazard evaluation method was designed, assessing "fire"(heat hazard), "poison" (gas toxicity hazard), and "explosion" (explosion hazard). Thus, the study results indicate that under the worst extreme thermal runaway conditions, the safe zone distance for lithium-titanate batteries is 96 m.

Key words: lithium titanate battery, energy storage power plant, thermal runaway, fire, diaster hazard assessment

中图分类号:

TM 911

彭鹏, 王成东, 陈满, 王青松, 雷旗开, 金凯强. 某钛酸锂电池储能电站热失控致灾危害评价[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(4): 1617-1630.

Peng PENG, Chengdong WANG, Man CHEN, Qingsong WANG, Qikai LEI, Kaiqiang JIN. Hazard assessment of thermal runaway in a lithium-titanate battery energy storage power plant[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(4): 1617-1630.

图/表 25

图1

表1

钛酸锂电池参数"

型号	额定电压	正极材料	负极材料	容量	质量
66260	2.3 V	$L i N i 1 / 3 M n 1 / 3 C o 1 / 3 O 2$	$L i 4 T i 5 O 12$	50 Ah	1.9 kg

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

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图7

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图9

图10

图11

图12

图13

图14

图15

图16

图17

图18

图19

图20

图21

图22

表2

表3

参考文献 20

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气体名称	UEL/%	LEL/%	燃烧热/(kJ/kg)
CH₄	15	5	890.8
CO	74	12.5	9.2
H₂	75	4	1.4×10⁵

冲击波压强/kPa	伤害描述
13.8	对人产生直接伤害	耳膜破裂
48.3		内脏受伤
34.5~48.3		耳膜破裂概率为50%
68.9~103.4		耳膜破裂概率为90%
82.7~103.4		肺部出血
137.9~172.4		肺部出血致死概率为50%
206.8~241.3		肺部出血致死概率为90%
482.6~1379		直接死亡

6.9~13.8	对人产生间接伤害	爆破碎片划伤皮肤
13.8		摔倒致死
10.3~20.0		冲击波使人摔倒
55.2~110.3		冲击波使人移动

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