大容量钠离子电池热失控特性实验研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1044

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

钠离子电池因其原料丰富、成本低廉等优势，在电化学储能领域展现出广阔的应用潜力。然而，随着钠离子电池在储能系统中的逐步推广，其安全性问题日益凸显，已成为国内外研究的热点。本工作系统研究了钠离子电池在过热条件下的热失控行为，并对比分析了不同正极材料对电池危害性的影响。研究结果表明，与Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃电池相比，NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂电池具有更低的热失控触发温度、更短的触发时间以及更高的表面温度，表明其热失控危害性更高。恒容密闭罐体实验结果显示，钠离子电池在热失控过程中会产生大量气体，其中NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂和Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃电池的产气量分别为14.58 mol和13.16 mol，爆炸下限分别为7.5%和8.0%。本研究结果可为钠基储能电站的安全设计及风险防控提供重要的理论依据和技术支撑。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 热失控行为, 产气行为, 爆炸危害性

Abstract:

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) hold significant promise for electrochemical energy storage owing to their abundant raw materials and cost-effectiveness. However, as SIBs become more widely adopted in energy storage systems, safety concerns are becoming more pronounced, attracting significant research attention globally. This study systematically investigates the thermal runaway (TR) behavior of SIBs under overheating conditions, with a comparative focus on the effects of different cathode materials on battery safety. The findings reveal that the NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ batteries exhibit a lower TR trigger temperature, shorter trigger time, and higher surface temperatures compared to Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ batteries, indicating a higher risk of TR. Constant-capacity tank tests further reveal that SIBs produce substantial gas during TR. Specifically, with NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ and Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃batteries produce 14.58 and 13.16 mol of gas, respectively, corresponding to lower explosion limits of 7.5% and 8.0%. These results provide crucial theoretical insights and technical support for improving the safety design and risk management strategies of sodium-based energy storage systems.

Key words: sodium-ion battery, thermal runaway behavior, gas production behavior, explosion hazard

中图分类号:

TM 911

李勇琦, 李志远, 闻有为, 王成东, 段强领, 王青松. 大容量钠离子电池热失控特性实验研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(4): 1657-1667.

Yongqi LI, Zhiyuan LI, Youwei WEN, Chengdong WANG, Qiangling DUAN, Qingsong WANG. Experimental study of thermal runaway characteristics of large-capacity sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(4): 1657-1667.

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参数	单位	样品电池1	样品电池2
标称容量	Ah	220	230
电池尺寸	mm	173.0×72.0×204.0	174.2×72.0×204.2
质量	g	4900±500	5100±200
标称电压	V	3.1	2.9
充放电电压	V	2.0~3.85	2.0~3.85
荷电状态	—	100%	100%
正极材料	—	NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂	Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃
负极材料	—	硬碳	硬碳

电池类型	T_onset/℃	t_onset/s	T_max/℃	Δt_TRP/s	v_TRP/(mm/s)
NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂	266.3	321	1082.9	88	0.818
Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃	284.4	398	996.0	105	0.686

电池类型	t_onset/s	M_Loss/g	Vgas/L	T_gas/℃	LEL/%
NaNi_1/3Fe_1/3Mn_1/3O₂	321	1240.2	326.6	263.8	7.5
Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃	398	1406.3	294.8	173.9	8.0

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