Fig. 1

SEM images of LFP [(a), (b)], LFP/GO [(c), (d)],and LFP/AC/GO [(e), (f)] at different magnifications.(Electrochimica Actahas image copyright)[2]"

Fig. 2

(a), and (b)Three-electrode measurements showing the anode potential(V vs. Li/Li+)as a function of state-of-charge for graphite, Gr-75, Gr-50, Gr-25, and hard carbon; (c)Initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) versus a graphite content plot of the hybrid anodes in three-electrode cell (black) and pouch cell (red) configurations. The ICE of NMC-532 cathode is also labeled in the plot. The charge/discharge rate was fixed at C/10; (d)Cell capacity plot showing the first-cycle charge and discharge capacity of the pouch cells(Advanced Energy Materials has image copyright)[6]"

Fig. 3

Synthesis of the MoS2/NHMCFs composite materials(Journal of Materials Science & Technology has image copyright)[7]"

Fig. 4

Predicted conductivity (a) diffusivity (b) and maximum velocity of penetrance (c) of selected AEM-guided electrolyte systems at 30 ℃, compared to the Gen2 BL. Viscosity of B26 versus Gen2 is given in panel (d). Diffusivity values are based on the Nernst-type stoichiometric average between cation and anion diffusivity values. Panel (c) is the ratio of predicted surface tension to viscosity, an important parameter for liquid permeation into porous media (note the log scale basis)(Energy Storage Materialshas image copyright)[9]"

Fig. 5

Schematic diagram of the traditional square type cell and the blade cell structure"

Fig. 6

Structural characterization of the P2-NaMNNb and P2-NaMN cathode material: (a), (b)Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction measurements of P2-NaMN and P2-NaMNNb compounds; (c)Schematic diagram of the effect of Nb doping on crystal structure (Nature Communicationshas image copyright)[15]"

Fig. 7

Fast-charging performances: (a) Charge-discharge curves of VC/C-G at different charging rates with a fixed discharging rate of 1 C; SOC-time plots of (b) VC/C-G and (c) VC/C; dQ/dV plots of (d) VC/C-G; (e) Fast-charging cycling performances at 5—1 C; (f) Summary of capacity retentions at different charging rates; (g) Ex situ XRD results of VC/C-G at the charging rate of 5 C and (h) corresponding enlarged patterns(Advanced Energy Materials has image copyright)[18]"

Fig. 8

Schematic illustration and morphological structure characterizations: (a) Schematic diagram illustrating the synthesis route of the samples; (b) SEM images and (c) mapping of HCM-1300-ZBE; (d), (e) HRTEM images of HCM-1300-ZBE (d) and HCM-1300 (e)(The inset shows the corresponding FFT patterns) (Advanced Materials has image copyright)[20]"

Fig. 9

(a) Schematic illustration for preparation of ORC; (b) Low- and high-magnification (inset) SEM images and element mapping images (inset); (c) TEM image, and (d) HRTEM image of PC750(Advanced Science has image copyright)[23]"

Fig. 10

Electrolyte design principles to suppress the SEI dissolution for highly stable high-voltage sodium-ion batteries: (a), (b) In the conventional electrolyte (a) , SEI dissolution leads to continuous side reactions of SEI formation and electrolyte decomposition, low CEs and irreversible capacity loss. In the low-solvation electrolyte (b), SEI dissolution is suppressed for stable sodium salt anion (FSI-)-derived SEI to stabilize cell long cycling performance; (c)—(e) three main electrolyte design principles to suppress the SEI dissolution: solvent selection by choosing a low dielectric constant (ε) solvent (c), reduced amount of free solvent by manipulating solvation structures (d) and salt-derived SEI with insoluble components (e); (f)—(i) Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation of the NaFSI/DMC: TFP electrolyte: a snapshot of the electrolyte molecular system from the AIMD simulation (f) and a representative Na+ solvation structure extracted from the AIMD simulations (g), coordination number (h) and projected density of states (PDOS) (with an arbitrary unit) (i) of the NaFSI/DMC: TFP electrolyte. the Fermi level is set to 0 eV in the PDOS analysis(Nat Energy has image copyright)[26]"

Fig. 11

(a)Schematic diagram of niobium-containing solid-solution MXene (Ti2-y Nb y CT x and V2-y NbyCT x ) with different discrete compositions; (b) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a Ti1.6Nb0.4CT xflake(Nano Energy has image copyright)[36]"

Fig. 12

Electrochemical performance of GNC/1T-MoS2/d-Ti3C2T xLIC:(a)Schematic illustration of the energy-storage mechanism of GNC || 1T-MoS2/d-Ti3C2T x LIC; (b)CV curves and(c)GCD profiles of GNC || 1T-MoS2/d-Ti3C2T x LIC within a wide voltage range of 0.1—4 V; (d)Variation of specific capacitance and capacity with current density for GNC || 1T-MoS2/d-Ti3C2T xLIC; (e)Ragone plot of GNC || 1T-MoS2/d-Ti3C2T x LIC; (f)Capacity retention and Coulombic efficiency of GNC//1T-MoS2/d-Ti3C2T x LIC over 5000 cycles(Advanced Functional Materials has image copyright)[44]"

Fig. 13

(a)Schematic diagram of the synthetic route for rGO/MnO heterostructure; SEM images of (b)rGO and(c)rGO/MnO; (d)EDS mapping images of C, O, and Mn elements in rGO/MnO; (e), (f)TEM and (g)HRTEM images(insert: SAED)for rGO/MnO(Advanced Functional Materials has image copyright)[45]"

Fig. 14

Material characterizations: (a)Schematic of the transformation from Mo3O10(C6H8N)2·2H2O NWs precursor to MoP/C-NWs (The MoP NPs with amorphous MoO x layers uniformly integrated within conducting carbon scaffolds); (b) XRD patterns and (c) Mo 3D XPS spectra of MoP/C-NWs-3 h, MoP/C-NWs-13 h, and MoP/C-NWs-24 h, respectively; (d), (e)TEM and (f) HRTEM images of MoP/C-NWs-3 h [Insert (f) is the related SAED pattern] (Advanced Energy Materials has image copyright)[49]"

Fig. 15

(a)Schematic illustration for the growth of CNSs and (b) TEM images of CNSs obtained at different deposition temperatures(Advanced Energy Materials has image copyright)[52]"

Fig. 16

(a)Schematic illustration of full capacitor based on MXene cathode(here is Nb2C and PTCDI anode); (b)CV curves at different scan rates; (c)GCD curves at 0.1 A/g; (d)Rate performance at different current densities; (e)Cyclic performance at small and large current densities, respectively(Advanced Functional Materialshas image copyright)[54]"

Table 1

Carbon Types and Related Electrochemical Properties Involved in Recent Literature"

Fig. 17

The optimized lead-carbon battery positive gate (left) and negative gate (right) are shown(Journal of Energy Storagehas image copyright)[60]"

Table 2

Performance comparison of high rate chemical power supply systems"