Fig. 1

Mechanism diagram of ADIBs"

Fig. 2

(a)—(c) Electrochemical stability window of LiTFSI-H2O electrolyte with different concentrations on the inactive electrode[21]; (d) Electrochemical stability window ofthe elyctrolyte containing 15 mol/L Al(ClO4)3 [24]; (e) Flammability test of 8 mol/L Zn (ClO4)2 “water in salt” electrolyte[26]; (f), (g) The solvation structure of Zn2+ ions in the electrolytes containing 5 mol/L LiTFSI and 20 mol/L LiTFSI, respectively(Grey: Zn2+, red: O, white: H; Yellow: S, Blue: N, Cyan: C, Pink: F)26]"

Fig. 3

(a) Schematic of ADIBs constructed by KS6 and AC in Water-in-Bisalt electrolyte of LiFSI-LiTFSI[27]; (b)—(d) CV curves of PTCDI-G electrode in the electrolytes containing NaBF4, NaOTf, and NaTFSI at a scanning speed of 5 mV/s[29]; (e) The charging and discharging curves of Zn||graphite batteries at a current density of 100—5000 mA/g (1—50 C)[28]; (f) Calculated raman models of [Mg(H2O)6]2+, [MgCl4]2-, and [MgCl3(H2O)]-(yellow: Mg, red: O, green: Cl)[33]; (g) TEM images of fully charged graphite cathode[33]; (h) Photograph of the aqueous electrolyte consisted of 25 mol/L ZnCl2, 25 mol/L ZnBr2, and 25 mol/L Zn(OAc)2[39]; (i) Schematic of the ZIS-PVA hydrogel electrolytes in Zn||PANI ADIBs[41]; (j) Schematic overview of active materials for aqueous LIBs (white) and DIBs (yellow) with respect to their redox potentials (0 V vs. Ag/AgCl = 3.24 V vs. Li/Li+) and practical capacities related to the electrochemical stability windows of water-based electrolytes[42]; (k) Combustion test photos of aqueous/organic hybrid electrolyte[43]"

Fig. 4

(a) Structure diagram of anionic graphite intercalation compound[44]; (b), (c) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of a free-standing graphite electrode and corresponding SEM image[47]; (d), (e) schematics of a Zn||graphite battery[6, 28]; (f), (g) Schematic illustration of the synthetic procedure for NFG and relevant TEM image[51]"

Fig. 5

(a) Electrochemical reaction mechanism of PANI[55]; (b) Optical image of assembled Zn-PANI batteries in ring-, H-, and cylindrical shapes; (c) Cell voltage of spherical Zn-PANI battery; (d) Picture of two H-shaped Zn-PANI batteries in series light the LEDs[56]; (e) Structure and reaction active site of m-PTPA, pink suggests high electron density[59]"

Fig. 6

(a) The proposed charge/discharge mechanism of zinc/polyindole battery[60]; (b) Schematic representation of anionic storage mechanism for PANMTh[63]; (c) Two-step oxidation/reduction of BDB(A-: OTf-/TFSI-)[64]; (d), (e) Charge-discharge profiles and long cycling performance of Zn-BDB battery[64]; (f) Redox mechanism of PTVE with anions[66]; (g) LUMO and HOMO of the oxidation state of a PTVE unit[66]"

Fig. 7

(a) The charge storage mechanism of PDB cathode[67]; (b), (c) SEI-forming mechanism on PDB electrode[68]; (d) The charge storage mechanism of PTD-1 in 2mol/L ZnSO4/H2O electrolyte[69]; (e) Rate performance of the Zn||PTD-1 cell in the voltage range of 0.1—1.8 V (vs. Zn/Zn2+)[69]; (f) Scheme of the preparation process of P/G[70]; (g), (h) Ex situ FTIR spectra at different SOC and structure of coronene[71]; (i), (j) The energy levels and corresponding HOMO diagram of LPy-1, LPy-2 and CLPy[71]; (k), (l) Rate performance and long cycling life of Zn||CLPy battery[72]"

Fig. 8

(a) Schematic of the device and reaction mechanism of Zn-I ADIBs[76]; (b) Crystal structure of Zn-TCPP[77]; (c) CV curves of Mn3O4 cathode at scan rate of 3 mV/s (top) and its corresponding electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance curve (bottom) in the 2nd cycle. Black: anodic scan, red and blue: cathodic scan[78]; (d) Diagram of the generic counter-ion insertion electrode structures mechanism[79]; (e) Schematic diagram of reaction mechanism of Na3V2(PO4)3 electrode[82]; (f) Structure diagram of NTP@C||NNH ADIBs[83]; (g) Schematic illustration of the charge storage mechanism of the NiFe-LDH/CNT (+)||NaOH (aq)||NTP@C (-) battery[84]"

Fig. 9

(a) The storage mechanism of NH4+ in PI electrode[59]; (b) Charge storage mechanism of MNV in aqueous electrolyte[90]; (c) Schematic diagram of PTCDI||PTPAn ADIBs device structure and charge storage process[58]; (d) Working mechanism diagram of reverse dual ion battery assembled with Fc/C anode and Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 cathode[8]; (e) TEM image of Fe2O3[91]; (f), (g) The in-situ XRD patterns of Cu3(PO4)2 electrode and reasonable electrochemical reaction mechanism[92]"