Design and application of reference electrodes for lithium batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0638

Abstract

Abstract:

The significance of a reference electrode in elucidating internal physical and chemical processes in high-safety, high-performance lithium batteries cannot be overstated. Despite this importance, constructing and integrating a reliable reference electrode remains a challenge in academic research and product development. In this study, we explore the fundamental principles and characteristics of reference electrodes for lithium batteries. In addition, we outline key design parameters, including the selection of active materials, geometric dimensions, manufacturing processes, and detection setups. Furthermore, we present the application of a three-electrode system that integrates the reference electrode to analyze the working and failure mechanisms of lithium batteries. This approach enhances our understanding of the complex electrochemical processes within the battery system. In conclusion, we discuss the challenges associated with developing and deploying reference electrodes for lithium batteries, along with prospective directions for future research and implementation.

Key words: reference electrode, lithium-ion battery, lithium metal battery, electrode potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

CLC Number:

TM 911

Ye XIAO, Lei XU, Chong YAN, Jiaqi HUANG. Design and application of reference electrodes for lithium batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 82-91.

Figures/Tables 4

References 102

1	ZENG X Q, LI M, ABD EL-HADY D, et al. Commercialization of lithium battery technologies for electric vehicles[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2019, 9(27): 1900161.
2	DUFFNER F, KRONEMEYER N, TÜBKE J, et al. Post-lithium-ion battery cell production and its compatibility with lithium-ion cell production infrastructure[J]. Nature Energy, 2021, 6(2): 123-134.
3	ZHU Z X, JIANG T L, ALI M, et al. Rechargeable batteries for grid scale energy storage[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2022, 122(22): 16610-16751.
4	FRITH JAMES T, LACEY MATTHEW J, ULDERICO U. A non-academic perspective on the future of lithium-based batteries[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 420.
5	LU Y X, RONG X H, HU Y S, et al. Research and development of advanced battery materials in China[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 23: 144-153.
6	LIU J, BAO Z N, CUI Y, et al. Pathways for practical high-energy long-cycling lithium metal batteries[J]. Nature Energy, 2019, 4(3): 180-186.
7	TALAIE E, BONNICK P, SUN X Q, et al. Methods and protocols for electrochemical energy storage materials research[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2017, 29(1): 90-105.
8	RACCICHINI R, AMORES M, HINDS G. Critical review of the use of reference electrodes in Li-ion batteries: A diagnostic perspective[J]. Batteries, 2019, 5(1): 12.
9	ZHANG S S. Is Li/graphite half-cell suitable for evaluating lithiation rate capability of graphite electrode?[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2020, 167(10): 100510.
10	ENDER M, WEBER A, ELLEN I T. Analysis of three-electrode setups for AC-impedance measurements on lithium-ion cells by FEM simulations[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2011, 159(2): A128-A136.
11	QIN N, JIN L M, XING G G, et al. Decoupling accurate electrochemical behaviors for high-capacity electrodes via reviving three-electrode vehicles[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2023, 13(11): 2204077.
12	LANGDON J, MANTHIRAM A. Crossover effects in lithium-metal batteries with a localized high concentration electrolyte and high-nickel cathodes[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(41): 2205188.
13	XIAO Y, XU R, YAN C, et al. A toolbox of reference electrodes for lithium batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(13): 2108449.
14	BLYR A, SIGALA C, AMATUCCI G, et al. Self-discharge of LiMn₂O ₄/C Li-ion cells in their discharged state: Understanding by means of three-electrode measurements[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1998, 145(1): 194-209.
15	GAO J H, CHEN Y Z, YANG Y, et al. Research progress of reference electrode for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10: 987.
16	INZELT G, LEWENSTAM A, SCHOLZ F. Handbook of reference electrodes[M]. New York: Springer, 2013.
17	SMITH T J, STEVENSON K J. Reference electrodes[M]//Handbook of Electrochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007: 73-110.
18	LEWANDOWSKI A, SWIDERSKA-MOCEK A. Lithium-metal potential in Li⁺ containing ionic liquids[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2010, 40(3): 515-524.
19	BURROWS B, JASINSKI R. The Li/Li⁺ reference electrode in propylene carbonate[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1968, 115(4): 365.
20	JOHNSON C S, DEES D W. In Proc of the Symposium on lithium Batteries. Reference electrodes for solid polymer electrolytes[C]. United States: Battery Division of the Electrochemical Society, 1993.
21	KASAJIMA T, NISHIKIORI T, NOHIRA T, et al. Electrochemical window and the characteristics of ( α + β ) Al-Li alloy reference electrode for a LiBr-KBr-CsBr eutectic melt[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2004, 151(11): E335.
22	ZHOU J, NOTTEN P H L. Development of reliable lithium microreference electrodes for long-term in situ studies of lithium-based battery systems[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2004, 151(12): A2173.
23	GÓMEZ-CÁMER J L, NOVÁK P. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: Understanding the role of the reference electrode[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2013, 34: 208-210.
24	SOLCHENBACH S, PRITZL D, KONG E J Y, et al. A gold micro-reference electrode for impedance and potential measurements in lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 163(10): A2265-A2272.
25	COSTARD J, ENDER M, WEISS M, et al. Three-electrode setups for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 164(2): A80-A87.
26	SIMON F J, BLUME L, HANAUER M, et al. Development of a wire reference electrode for lithium all-solid-state batteries with polymer electrolyte: FEM simulation and experiment[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, 165(7): A1363-A1371.
27	YI S Z, WANG B, CHEN Z A, et al. A study on LiFePO₄/graphite cells with built-in Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ reference electrodes[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(33): 18597-18603.
28	EPDING B, BRODA A, RUMBERG B, et al. Development of durable 3-electrode lithium-ion pouch cells with LTO reference mesh: Aging and performance studies[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(8): A1550-A1557.
29	SEDLMEIER C, SCHUSTER R, SCHRAMM C, et al. A micro-reference electrode for electrode-resolved impedance and potential measurements in all-solid-state battery pouch cells and its application to the study of indium-lithium anodes[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2023, 170(3): 030536.
30	WALDMANN T, HOGG B I, KASPER M, et al. Interplay of operational parameters on lithium deposition in lithium-ion cells: Systematic measurements with reconstructed 3-electrode pouch full cells[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 163(7): A1232-A1238.
31	NAM Y J, PARK K H, OH D Y, et al. Diagnosis of failure modes for all-solid-state Li-ion batteries enabled by three-electrode cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(30): 14867-14875.
32	WANG J K, LIU J H, WANG L, et al. The significance of imperceptible current flowing through the lithium reference electrode in lithium ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2022, 546: 231953.
33	WEN B H, DENG Z, TSAI P C, et al. Ultrafast ion transport at a cathode-electrolyte interface and its strong dependence on salt solvation[J]. Nature Energy, 2020, 5(8): 578-586.
34	ABRAHAM D P, POPPEN S D, JANSEN A N, et al. Application of a lithium-tin reference electrode to determine electrode contributions to impedance rise in high-power lithium-ion cells[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2004, 49(26): 4763-4775.
35	MCSHANE E J, BENEDEK P, NIEMANN V A, et al. A versatile Li_0.5FePO₄ reference electrode for nonaqueous electrochemical conversion technologies[J]. ACS Energy Letters, 2023, 8(1): 230-235.
36	PARK K, KIM D M, HA K H, et al. Correlation between redox potential and solvation structure in biphasic electrolytes for Li metal batteries[J]. Advanced Science, 2022, 9(33): 2203443.
37	BOYLE D T, KIM S C, OYAKHIRE S T, et al. Correlating kinetics to cyclability reveals thermodynamic origin of lithium anode morphology in liquid electrolytes[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(45): 20717-20725.
38	KO S, OBUKATA T, SHIMADA T, et al. Electrode potential influences the reversibility of lithium-metal anodes[J]. Nature Energy, 2022, 7(12): 1217-1224.
39	CHENG X B, ZHANG R, ZHAO C Z, et al. Toward safe lithium metal anode in rechargeable batteries: A review[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2017, 117(15): 10403-10473.
40	LIN D C, LIU Y Y, CUI Y. Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2017, 12(3): 194-206.
41	KIM S C, KONG X, VILÁ R A, et al. Potentiometric measurement to probe solvation energy and its correlation to lithium battery cyclability[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2021, 143(27): 10301-10308.
42	GALVEZ-ARANDA D E, SEMINARIO J M. Li-metal anode in dilute electrolyte LiFSI/TMP: Electrochemical stability using ab initio molecular dynamics[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2020, 124(40): 21919-21934.
43	WU J Y, YUAN L X, LI Z, et al. Air-stable means more: Designing air-defendable lithium metals for safe and stable batteries[J]. Materials Horizons, 2020, 7(10): 2619-2634.
44	XIAO Y, XU R, YAN C, et al. Waterproof lithium metal anode enabled by cross-linking encapsulation[J]. Science Bulletin, 2020, 65(11): 909-916.
45	CHO H M, PARK Y J, YEON J W, et al. In-depth investigation on two- and three-electrode impedance measurements in terms of the effect of the counter electrode[J]. Electronic Materials Letters, 2009, 5(4): 169-178.
46	JUAREZ-ROBLES D, CHEN C F, BARSUKOV Y, et al. Impedance evolution characteristics in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(4): A837-A847.
47	DOLLÉ M, ORSINI F, GOZDZ A S, et al. Development of reliable three-electrode impedance measurements in plastic Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2001, 148(8): A851.
48	LEVI M D, DARGEL V, SHILINA Y, et al. Impedance spectra of energy-storage electrodes obtained with commercial three-electrode cells: Some sources of measurement artefacts[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2014, 149: 126-135.
49	LA MANTIA F, WESSELLS C D, DESHAZER H D, et al. Reliable reference electrodes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2013, 31: 141-144.
50	MOZHZHUKHINA N, CALVO E J. Perspective—The correct assessment of standard potentials of reference electrodes in non-aqueous solution[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(12): A2295-A2297.
51	ARMSTRONG C G, HOGUE R W, TOGHILL K E. Characterisation of the ferrocene/ferrocenium ion redox couple as a model chemistry for non-aqueous redox flow battery research[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2020, 872: 114241.
52	MURDOCK B E, ARMSTRONG C G, SMITH D E, et al. Misreported non-aqueous reference potentials: The battery research endemic[J]. Joule, 2022, 6(5): 928-934.
53	AN S J, LI J L, DANIEL C, et al. Design and demonstration of three-electrode pouch cells for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, 164(7): A1755-A1764.
54	LOVERIDGE M J, LAIN M J, JOHNSON I D, et al. Towards high capacity Li-ion batteries based on silicon-graphene composite anodes and sub-micron V-doped LiFePO₄ cathodes[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 37787.
55	HERTLE J, WALTHER F, MOGWITZ B, et al. Miniaturization of reference electrodes for solid-state lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2023, 170(4): 040519.
56	ENDER M, ILLIG J, IVERS-TIFFÉE E. Three-electrode setups for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2016, 164(2): A71-A79.
57	MCTURK E, BIRKL C R, ROBERTS M R, et al. Minimally invasive insertion of reference electrodes into commercial lithium-ion pouch cells[J]. ECS Electrochemistry Letters, 2015, 4(12): A145-A147.
58	LI Y L, HAN X B, FENG X N, et al. Errors in the reference electrode measurements in real lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2021, 481: 228933.
59	CHU Z Y, FENG X N, LIAW B, et al. Testing lithium-ion battery with the internal reference electrode: An insight into the blocking effect[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, 165(14): A3240-A3248.
60	HOBOLD G M, LOPEZ J, GUO R, et al. Moving beyond 99.9% Coulombic efficiency for lithium anodes in liquid electrolytes[J]. Nature Energy, 2021, 6(10): 951-960.
61	RUTZ D, BAUER I, BRAUCHLE F, et al. Designing a reference electrode-An approach to fabricate laser perforated reference electrodes for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2023, 441: 141768.
62	PARK C M, KIM J H, KIM H, et al. Li-alloy based anode materials for Li secondary batteries[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2010, 39(8): 3115-3141.
63	KOLESNIKOV A, KOLEK M, DOHMANN J F, et al. Galvanic corrosion of lithium-powder-based electrodes[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2020, 10(15): 2000017.
64	LIN D C, LIU Y Y, LI Y B, et al. Fast galvanic lithium corrosion involving a Kirkendall-type mechanism[J]. Nature Chemistry, 2019, 11(4): 382-389.
65	LIU F, XU R, WU Y C, et al. Dynamic spatial progression of isolated lithium during battery operations[J]. Nature, 2021, 600(7890): 659-663.
66	SOMERVILLE L, FERRARI S, LAIN M, et al. An In-situ reference electrode insertion method for commercial 18650-type cells[J]. Batteries, 2018, 4(2): 18.
67	NAGASUBRAMANIAN G. Two- and three-electrode impedance studies on 18650 Li-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2000, 87(1/2): 226-229.
68	WU Q W, LU W Q, PRAKASH J. Characterization of a commercial size cylindrical Li-ion cell with a reference electrode[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2000, 88(2): 237-242.
69	RODRIGUES M T F, KALAGA K, TRASK S E, et al. Fast charging of Li-ion cells: Part I. using Li/Cu reference electrodes to probe individual electrode potentials[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2019, 166(6): A996-A1003.
70	RODRIGUES M T F, SON S B, COLCLASURE A M, et al. How fast can a Li-ion battery be charged? determination of limiting fast charging conditions[J]. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 2021, 4(2): 1063-1068.
71	CHANG G H, CHOI H U, KANG S, et al. Characterization of limiting factors of an all-solid-state Li-ion battery using an embedded indium reference electrode[J]. Ionics, 2020, 26(3): 1555-1561.
72	JANSEN A N, DEES D W, ABRAHAM D P, et al. Low-temperature study of lithium-ion cells using a LiySn micro-reference electrode[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2007, 174(2): 373-379.
73	ITAGAKI M, HONDA K, HOSHI Y, et al. In-situ EIS to determine impedance spectra of lithium-ion rechargeable batteries during charge and discharge cycle[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2015, 737: 78-84.
74	LIU P, WANG J, HICKS-GARNER J, et al. Aging mechanisms of LiFePO₄ batteries deduced by electrochemical and structural analyses[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2010, 157(4): A499.
75	DELACOURT C, RIDGWAY P L, SRINIVASAN V, et al. Measurements and simulations of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of a three-electrode coin cell design for Li-ion cell testing[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2014, 161(9): A1253-A1260.
76	MÜHLBAUER M J, PETZ D, BARAN V, et al. Inhomogeneous distribution of lithium and electrolyte in aged Li-ion cylindrical cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2020, 475: 228690.
77	SADKOWSKI A, DIARD J P. On the Fletcher's two-terminal equivalent network of a three-terminal electrochemical cell[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55(6): 1907-1911.
78	FLETCHER S. The two-terminal equivalent network of a three-terminal electrochemical cell[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 2001, 3(12): 692-696.
79	LIU D Q, QIAN K, HE Y B, et al. Positive film-forming effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) on high-voltage cycling with three-electrode LiCoO₂/Graphite pouch cell[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 269: 378-387.
80	BELT J R, BERNARDI D M, UTGIKAR V. Development and use of a lithium-metal reference electrode in aging studies of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2014, 161(6): A1116-A1126.
81	SCHINDLER S, BAUER M, PETZL M, et al. Voltage relaxation and impedance spectroscopy as in-operando methods for the detection of lithium plating on graphitic anodes in commercial lithium-ion cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2016, 304: 170-180.
82	SIEG J, BANDLOW J, MITSCH T, et al. Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 427: 260-270.
83	PRITZL D, LANDESFEIND J, SOLCHENBACH S, et al. An analysis protocol for three-electrode Li-ion battery impedance spectra: Part Ⅱ. analysis of a graphite anode cycled vs. LNMO[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2018, 165(10): A2145-A2153.
84	WU M S, CHIANG P C J, LIN J C. Electrochemical investigations on advanced lithium-ion batteries by three-electrode measurements[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2005, 152(1): A47.
85	YAN C, XU R, QIN J L, et al. Inside cover: 4.5 V high-voltage rechargeable batteries enabled by the reduction of polarization on the lithium metal anode[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2019, 58(43): 15164.
86	YUE X Y, YAO Y X, ZHANG J, et al. The raw mixed conducting interphase affords effective prelithiation in working batteries[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2022, 61(29): 202205697.
87	SHI P, HOU L P, JIN C B, et al. A successive conversion-deintercalation delithiation mechanism for practical composite lithium anodes[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2022, 144(1): 212-218.
88	CAI W L, YAN C, YAO Y X, et al. Rapid lithium diffusion in Order@Disorder pathways for fast-charging graphite anodes[J]. Small Structures, 2020, 1(1): 2000010.
89	YAO Y X, CHEN X A, YAN C, et al. Regulating interfacial chemistry in lithium-ion batteries by a weakly solvating electrolyte[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021, 60(8): 4090-4097.
90	LINWANG D, TIANYU F, SHIWEI S, et al. Nondestructive lithium plating online detection for lithium-ion batteries: A review [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 12(1): 263-277.
91	沈馨, 张睿, 程新兵, 等. 锂枝晶的原位观测及生长机制研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2017, 6(3): 418-432.
	SHEN X, ZHANG R, CHENG X B, et al. Recent progress on in situ observation and growth mechanism of lithium metal dendrites[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2017, 6(3): 418-432.
92	WALDMANN T, HOGG B I, WOHLFAHRT-MEHRENS M. Li plating as unwanted side reaction in commercial Li-ion cells - A review[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 384: 107-124.
93	XU L, YANG Y, XIAO Y, et al. In-situ determination of onset lithium plating for safe Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2022, 67: 255-262.
94	XU L, XIAO Y, YANG Y, et al. Operando quantified lithium plating determination enabled by dynamic capacitance measurement in working Li-ion batteries[J]. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed in English), 2022, 61(39): e202210365.
95	XU L, XIAO Y, YANG Y, et al. In situ Li-plating diagnosis for fast-charging Li-ion batteries enabled by relaxation-time detection[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(42): doi: 10.1002/adma.202301881
96	XU R, ZHANG S, SHEN X, et al. Unlocking the polarization and reversibility limitations for stable low-temperature lithium metal anodes[J]. Small Structures, 2023, 4(7): doi: 10.1002/sstr.202370017
97	YAO Y X, CHEN X A, YAO N, et al. Frontispiece: Unlocking charge transfer limitations for extreme fast charging of Li-ion batteries[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2023, 62(4): 2214828.
98	JIN C B, YAO N, XIAO Y, et al. Taming solvent-solute interaction accelerates interfacial kinetics in low-temperature lithium-metal batteries[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(3): 2208340.
99	AHMED Z, ROBERTS A J, AMIETSZAJEW T. Ti-based reference electrodes for inline implementation into lithium-ion pouch cells[J]. Energy Technology, 2021, 9(10): 2100602.
100	YU Y C, WANG S T, MA D L, et al. Recent progress on laser manufacturing of microsize energy devices on flexible substrates[J]. JOM, 2018, 70(9): 1816-1822.
101	PANG Y K, CAO Y T, CHU Y H, et al. Additive manufacturing of batteries[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 30(1): 1906244.
102	YAO N, CHEN X A, FU Z H, et al. Applying classical, ab initio, and machine-learning molecular dynamics simulations to the liquid electrolyte for rechargeable batteries[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2022, 122(12): 10970-11021.

[1]	Xiaoyu SHEN, Congbo YIN. SOH estimation of lithium-ion batteries using a convolutional Fastformer [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 990-999.
[2]	Zhiguo ZHANG, Huaqing LI, Li WANG, Xiangming HE. Characteristics and preparation of metallized plastic current collectors for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 749-758.
[3]	Jian LIU, Libo YU, Zhenxing WU, Jiegang MOU. Effect of thermal characteristics of lithium-ion battery charging and discharging equipment on air cooling [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 914-923.
[4]	Meiling WU, Lei NIU, Shiyou LI, Dongni ZHAO. Research progress on cathode prelithium additives used in lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(3): 759-769.
[5]	Yuanming SONG, Yajie LIU, Guang JIN, Xing ZHOU, Xucheng HUANG. Review of energy management methods for lithium-ion battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage systems [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 652-668.
[6]	Xiaolei LI, Jian GAO, Weidong ZHOU, Hong LI. Application of COMSOL multiphysics in lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 546-567.
[7]	Ke PENG, Zhicheng ZHANG, Youzhang HU, Xuhui ZHANG, Jiahui ZHOU, Bin LI. Finite element-based motion analysis and optimization of sagger in thermo-mechanical coupling field [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 634-642.
[8]	Qikai LEI, Yin YU, Peng PENG, Man CHEN, Kaiqiang JIN, Qingsong WANG. Effect of thermal insulation material layout on thermal runaway propagation inhibition effect of 280 Ah lithium-iron phosphate battery [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 495-502.
[9]	Ke LI, Yifan HAO, Zhenhua FANG, Jing WANG, Songtong ZHANG, Xiayu ZHU, Jingyi QIU, Hai MING. Development and military application analysis of high-power chemical power supply system [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 436-461.
[10]	Shuangming DUAN, Shengli ZHANG. Lithium-ion battery parameter identification based on adaptive multilayer RLS [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 712-720.
[11]	Mengqiong SONG, Yu PENG, Ziqiang LIAO. Research on battery thermal management based on electrochemical model [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(2): 578-585.
[12]	Xuejiao DAI, Jie YAN, Guan WANG, Haotian DONG, Danfeng JIANG, Zewei WEI, Fanxing MENG, Songtao LIU, Haitao ZHANG. Research progress of key materials for niobium-based low temperature batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 311-324.
[13]	Hongyi LIANG, Feng CHEN, Youyi GAN, Dan SHAO. Characteristics of ternary cathode of lithium-ion power battery at low temperature [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 293-298.
[14]	Zhaoyang LI, Dinghong LIU, Yanyan ZHAO, Man CHEN, Qikai LEI, Peng PENG, Lei LIU. Nail penetration characteristics of high-energy-density lithium-ion pouch cell [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 57-71.
[15]	Yayun LIAO, Feng ZHOU, Yingxi ZHANG, Tu'an LV, Yang HE, Xiaoyan CHEN, Kaifu HUO. Research progress on fast-charging graphite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries [J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(1): 130-142.