Energy Storage Science and Technology ›› 2024, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (7): 2327-2347.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0323
• Special Issue on Low Temperature Batteries • Previous Articles Next Articles
Xiang LI(
), Dezhong LIU(), Kai YUAN, Dapeng CHEN()
Received:2024-04-11
Revised:2024-05-02
Online:2024-07-28
Published:2024-07-23
Contact:
Dezhong LIU, Dapeng CHEN
E-mail:742010446@qq.com;ldzone@outlook.com;dpchenhust@gmail.com
CLC Number:
Xiang LI, Dezhong LIU, Kai YUAN, Dapeng CHEN. Solid-state electrolyte for low-temperature lithium metal batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2327-2347.
Fig. 1
Classification of SSEs and SSLMBs for low temperature operation"
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram of failure mechanism of SSLMBs at low temperature"
Fig. 3
(a) Arrhenius plots for the bulk conductivities of Li9.54[Si0.6Ge0.4]1.74P1.44S11.1Br0.3O0.6 and LGPS; (b) Schematic of the LSiPSBrO crystal structure determined by Rietveld analysis[34]; (c) Room-temperature ionic conductivity of chlorine-rich lithium argyrodite electrolytes prepared by the simple solid-state reaction in this work as a function of S/Cl ratios; (d) The corresponding Arrhenius plots of Li7-x PS6-x Cl x (x=1.0—2.0)[35]; (e) The charge-discharge profiles of FeS2|SE|Li-In ASSBs at second cycle and various temperatures; (f) The DRT spectra calculated from the EIS measurements of FeS2|SE | Li-In ASSBs using LASI-80Si sulfide SSEs[40]; (g) Charge/discharge curves and (h) cycling performance of pristine NCM712/Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5/In-Li and LNO@NCM712/Li5.5PS4.5Cl1.5/In-Li SSBs between 2.4 and 3.7 V under -20 ℃ at 0.05C[44]"
Fig. 4
(a) Arrhenius plots of LIC SSEs derived from the EIS measurements in a range of -30 ℃ to 35 ℃; (b) Electronic conductivity of LIC, LIC/PEDOT composite, and LIC/CNTs composite at 25℃ and -10 ℃; (c) Schematic illustration of Li+ and electron transfer in composite cathode at low temperatures[47]; (d) The charge-discharge curves of the second cycle and (e) the evolution of specific capacity for Ni90/LIC/LPSC/Li-In ASSBs within the temperature range of -30—30 ℃; (f) Li site energy distribution along the z-axis direction for Ni90-Li3InCl6 interfaces[49]; (g) The evolution of specific capacity for LCO/LIC/LPSC/Li-In ASSBs over the temperature range from 30 ℃ to -40 ℃; (h) The capacity ratio of LCO/LIC/LPSC/Li-In ASSBs at each temperature to that at 30 ℃; (i) R-T relationship obtained by equivalent circuit fitting of Nyquist plots for LCO/LIC/LPSC/Li-In ASSBs[50]"
Fig. 5
(a) Variation of the ionic conductivity at room temperature of PEO-based solid-state electrolytes (Li+ ∶EO = 1∶32) with different amounts of added SN; (b) Arrhenius plots of the ionic conductivity of various solid-state electrolytes; (c) Carbon conformation transition diagram of PEO, PEO32, and Homo-SPE[55]; (d) Ionic conductivity of BStSi and PEO SPE, the inset is AC impedance spectra of BStSi; (e) Cycle performance of the LFP/BStSi/Li batteries[56]; (f) Schematic illustration of NCM particle-electrolyte solid interface in GPE and MPS-GPE at low temperatures[57]"
Fig. 6
(a) The ionic conductivity gradient of the developed electrolytes at 23 ℃ on the ternary phase diagram[59]; (b) The optimized geometric configurations and electrostatic potential of SN, ETPTA, and ETPTA-SN; (c) The binding energy of ETPTA-SN, PEO-SN, and SN-SN[67]; (d) Comparison of the melting points and viscosity (25 ℃) of various solvents; (e) HOMO and LUMO energies for commonly used Li salts, solvents, TXE monomer, PEO, and POM polymers[68]; (f) Comparison of the binding energies of pristine Li2S4-Li2S, and Li2S4-Li2S4 in PEO and IDCN electrolyte environments as calculated by DFT method; (g) Schematic showing the anode-electrolyte interface and SEI structure formed in IDCN (left) and LE (right)[69]"
Fig. 7
(a) Proposed ion pathways in es-CGPEs[71]; (b) Cycling performance of PTNB@Li||NCM811 cell over a wide temperature range (-10—30 ℃)[73]; (c) Li-ion transport mechanism of PVLN-15 electrolyte; (d) Multiple Li-ion transport channels in PVLN-15 electrolyte[74]; (e) Temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of CSEs membranes; (f) Lithium-ion transference number of CSEs[76]; (g) The adsorption energy of SN molecule on LLTZO surfaces; (h) The adsorption energy of SN molecule on Li metal surface[77]"
Fig. 8
(a) Schematic diagram of the SPE2[83]; (b) EIS measurements and (c) line fitting plot for σ of the PP6LS20@GF electrolyte ranging from -20 to 70 ℃; (d) ESP comparison of PEO-b-PA, SN and TFSI- anion[85]; (e) Modeling total electrolyte salt concentration for the CMP/VAMMT, CMP/MMT, pure CMP (top) and corresponding mapping of electrolyte potential distribution (bottom)[86]; (f) Galvanostatic cycle performance of the pouch cells with the Li metal anode and LiFePO4 cathode at 5 mA/cm2; (g) Illustration of pouch cells lighting light-emitting diode[87]"
Fig. 9
(a) Illustration of UiO-Li@SPE-based LMB assembly; (b) Li deposition pathways of LMB with UiO-Li@SPE[93]; (c) Simulated structure of the LiTFSI and UiO-66 surface at different times; (d) Diagrammatic drawing of the interaction mechanism between UiO-66 and LiTFSI in the as-prepared MMSE[94]; (e) Arrhenius plots of the three as-prepared materials: LiCON-1, LiCON-2, and LiCON-3; (f) Li ion transference number of LiCONs; (g) Representative Debye plots of imaginary impedance as a function of log f[95]"
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