Fig. 1

Applicable temperature ranges required for battery systems in different areas"

Fig. 2

Possible causes of low-temperature lithium-ion battery performance decline[4]"

Fig. 3

Effect of low temperature on graphite anode: (a) Schematic diagram of lithium deposition on the surface of graphite anode at low temperature[8]; (b) Polarization in graphite/NMC and amorphous carbon/NCM cells at different temperatures[9]; (c) Schematic diagram of the aging layer derived from electrolyte decomposition prevents the Li+ diffusion[10]"

Fig. 4

Effect of Li+ desolvation on low temperature performance of lithium batteries: (a) Schematic diagram of Li+ migration process during discharging process; (b) ESI impedance results of different symmetrical batteries at low temperature; (c) Discharge capacity of reassembled graphite /NCA batteries in various electrolytes with passivated films formed in different electrolytes[15]"

Fig. 5

Low-temperature discharge performance of lithium-ion batteries using carboxylate electrolyte: Discharge performance of lithium-ion batteries using different carboxylate electrolytes at (a) -40 ℃, (b) -50 ℃ and (c) -60 ℃; (d) Discharge energy of lithium-ion batteries using 1 mol/L LiPF6 EC-EMC-MP electrolyte at different temperatures[24]"

Fig. 6

Effects of additives on low-temperature cycling performance of Li-ion batteries: Cycling performance of Li/LFP batteries using ether electrolyte containing different additives at (a) 20 ℃, (b) -20 ℃, (c) -40 ℃and (d) -60 ℃[48]"

Fig. 7

Effects of solvation structure of (a) 1 mol/L LiFSI DOL/DME and (b) 1 mol/L LiFSI DEE on desolvation and lithium metal deposition at different temperatures; (c) The relationship between different solvation structures and lithium metal deposition; Cycling performance of Li/SPAN full cells using different electrolytes at (d) -40℃ and (e) -60℃[54]"

Fig. 8

Schematic of solvation structure of low concentration electrolyte and localized high concentration electrolyte[11]"

Fig. 9

(a) Schematic of solvation structure of localized high-concentration electrolyte; (b) Desolvation energy barriers of different electrolyte; Comparison of (c) discharge performance and (d) low-temperature cycling performance of localized high-concentration electrolyte and conventional electrolyte at different temperatures[61]"

Fig. 10

(a) Schematic mechanism of the soft solvated structure; (b) Cycling performance of graphite/NMC cells with soft solvent electrolyte at different temperatures; (c) Mechanism of fast ion transport in small-size solvent electrolyte[62]; (d) Cycling performance of graphite/NMC cells with FAN-based electrolyte at different temperatures[63]"

Fig. 11

(a) Schematic diagram of interfacial additive regulating electrolyte double electric layer; (b) Cycling performance of the designed electrolyte for Li/NMC full cell at -40 ℃[64]"