Testing standards and developmental advances for low-temperature Li-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0379

Abstract

Abstract:

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gradually extended to the field of low-temperature environment because of their advantages such as high energy density, long cycle life and no memory effect. However, LIBs suffer from rapid capacity decay and poor rate performance in low-temperature environment. Based on the discussion of the recent relevant literature, this paper makes a differentiation analysis of the existing LIBs test standards, focusing on the difference of different test standards on the low-temperature test conditions and technical requirements. The strategy of improving low-temperature performance of LIBs is introduced mainly from the Angle of electrolyte design and electrode material design. In the aspect of electrolyte design, the strategies of electrolyte additive design, co-solvent design, lithium salt modification design and lithium salt and solvent composite modification design are introduced. In the aspect of electrode material design, the strategies of nanization, doping, coating, doping/coating composite modification and heterojunction design are mainly introduced. The comprehensive analysis shows that, combined with the requirements of existing LIBs test standards, the strategy of electrolyte modification design combined with electrode material structure design is expected to overcome the problems such as fast capacity decay and poor rate performance of LIBs at low temperatures by improving the ionic conductivity of electrolyte and enhancing the charge transfer ability of electrode materials.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, low-temperature performance, electrolyte, testing standards

CLC Number:

TM 911.14

Wentao WANG, Yifan WEI, Kun HUANG, Guowei LV, Siyao ZHANG, Xinya TANG, Zeyan CHEN, Qingyuan LIN, Zhipeng MU, Kunhua WANG, Hua CAI, Jun CHEN. Testing standards and developmental advances for low-temperature Li-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2300-2307.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Adaptability requirements of lithium-ion batteries in different standards in low temperature environment"

标准名称	试验名称	检验对象	技术要求	检验条件要求	检验方法及步骤
GB/T 36276—2023 《电力储能用锂离子电池》	低温适应性	电池单体	(1)充电能量不小于额定充电能量；(2)放电能量不小于额定放电能量；(3)能量效率不小于93.0%。	环境温度：(25±2) ℃。	(1)电池初始化充电；(2)在(30±2) ℃下静置24 h；(3)在(25±2) ℃下静置24 h；(4)在(25±2) ℃下以额定放电功率进行恒功率放电至放电终止电压，静置10 min；(5)在(25±2) ℃下以额定充电功率进行恒功率充电至充电终止电压，静置10 min；(6)在(25±2) ℃下以额定放电功率进行恒功率放电至放电终止电压，静置10 min。
GB/T 36276—2023 《电力储能用锂离子电池》	低温适应性	电池模块	(1)能量保持率不小于90%；(2)充电能量恢复率不小于92%；(3)放电能量恢复率不小于92%。	环境温度：(25±2) ℃。

GB/T 31486—2015 《电动汽车用动力蓄电池电性能要求及试验方法》		电池模块	锂离子蓄电池模块放电容量应不低于初始容量的70%。	环境温度为(25±5) ℃，相对湿度为15%~90%，大气压力为86 ~106 kPa。	(1)蓄电池模块按GB/T 31486—2015中6.3.4方法充电；(2)蓄电池模块在(-20±2) ℃下搁置24 h；(3)蓄电池模块在(-20±2) ℃下，以1小时率放电电流放电至任一单体蓄电池电压达到企业提供的放电终止电压(该电压值不低于室温放电终止电压的80%)；(4)计量放电容量(以Ah计)。

IEC 62620:2014 《含碱性或其他非酸性电解质的二次电池和蓄电池组工业用二次锂电池和蓄电池组》	低温放电试验	电池或电池组	对应低温下的容量不低于额度容量的70%。	环境温度为(25±5) ℃。	(1)按照IEC 62620中6.2的要求对电芯或蓄电池充满电；(2)电芯或蓄电池应在制造商指定的环境“目标”测试温度下存放不少于16 h，不超过24 h；(3)电池芯或蓄电池按规定的放电速率恒流放电直至截止电压。

IEC 61960-3:2017 《碱性或其他非酸性电解质的蓄电池和蓄电池组便携式密封蓄电池和蓄电池组》第3部分：方形或圆柱形锂电池及锂电池组等	-20 ℃ 放电试验	电池或电池组	放电容量不得小于制造商宣称的额定容量的30%。	环境温度为(25±5) ℃。	(1)电池或电池组按标准要求充电；(2)电池或电池组在(-20±5) ℃下放置大于16 h但不超过24 h；(3)用0.2I_t A恒流放电直至截止电压。

Table 1

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