Advances in low-temperature electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0426

Abstract

Abstract:

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a potential energy storage device due to their high energy density and low cost. In particular, the smaller Stokes radius of K⁺ enables ultra-low temperature potassium-ion batteries. However, conventional electrolytes can cause PIBs to grow dendrites at low temperatures, leading to battery failure and safety hazards. Therefore, improving the low-temperature properties of the electrolyte is crucial to improving the low-temperature performance of PIBs. This study reviews the progress made in recent years related to low-temperature electrolytes for PIBs, which can be roughly divided into three categories, namely non-aqueous electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes, and solid electrolytes. Non-aqueous electrolytes mostly contain weakly solvating ether solvents and additives, which enhance the interfacial desolvation process and form a good solid electrolyte interface film on the electrode surface to improve the low-temperature performance of PIBs. The aqueous electrolyte helps PIBs to achieve good low-temperature performance by introducing specific additive molecules to lower the electrolyte freezing point and destroy the network of hydrogen bonds between the H₂O molecules. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte, which retains a small amount of liquid electrolyte in the channels of the polymer skeleton, improves the electrolyte bulk ion transport and reduces the contact resistance between the electrolyte and the electrode interface, which ultimately improves the low-temperature performance of PIBs.

Key words: potassium ion battery, low-temperature performance, non-aqueous electrolyte, aqueous electrolyte, solid-state electrolyte

CLC Number:

TM 911

Fei ZHAO, Yinghua CHEN, Zheng MA, Qian LI, Jun MING. Advances in low-temperature electrolytes for potassium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2308-2316.

Figures/Tables 7

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Table 1

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电解质组分	温度	电池体系	电流密度/(mA/g)	比容量/(mAh/g)	循环圈数	容量保持率	功率密度/ (Wh/kg)
1 mol/L KFSI in THF^[27]	0 ℃	碳纳米纤维\|\|石墨	50	200	—	—	—
0.91 mol/L KFSI in DEECl^[28]	-5 ℃	普鲁士蓝\|\|石墨	20	65.5	80	—	—
1 mol/L KFSI in MTHF^[29]	-20 ℃	预钾化的3, 4, 9, 10-苝-四羧酸-二酐\|\|石墨	—	>100	100	94.38%	197
0.4 mol/L KPF₆ in DME+2 vol.% PDMS^[33]	-40 ℃	预钾化的3, 4, 9, 10-苝-四羧酸-二酐\|\|无负极Cu	26	82.8	50	82%	152
1 mol/L KPF₆ in DME+20 mmol/L LiNO₃^[34]	-40 ℃	3, 4, 9, 10-苝-四羧酸-二酐\|\|硬碳	65	89	100	79%	157
4 mol/L KFSI in PC^[39]	0 ℃	普鲁士白\|\|石墨	200	>60	1000	92.1%	—
2 mol/L KCF₃SO₃ in H₂O+HBCD^[42]	-20 ℃	六氰基铁酸铜\|\|3, 4, 9, 10-苝四甲酰二亚胺-乙烯二胺共聚物	—	>80	60	约100%	—
10 mol/kg KCF₃COO in H₂O^[43]	-35 ℃	K_1.55Fe[Fe-(CN)₆]_0.95·1.03H₂O\|\|3,4,9,10-苝四羧酸二酰亚胺	—	>90	1000	87.5%	41.9
KFSI-L^[14]	-40 ℃	PHA@RP@BNC\|\|PTCDA	100	>60	200	93.6%	—
全氟磺酸树脂聚合物电解质+PC/EC混合溶液^[15]	-15 ℃	3, 4, 9, 10-苝-四羧酸-二酐\|\|石墨	100	90.7	200	99.74%	—

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