Advances in cathode materials for low-temperature sodium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0380

Abstract

Abstract:

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted much attention for large-scale energy storage applications due to the abundant sodium reserves and low cost. However, their use in high-altitude, deep-sea, and aerospace applications has been affected by the low-temperature environment. Extreme temperatures lead to a decrease in the diffusion coefficient of the sodium ion, slow migration kinetics, formation of sodium dendrites, and severe interfacial reactions. This, coupled with the tendency of sodium reactions to undergo irreversible phase transitions, can seriously degrade the electrochemical and safety performance of SIBs. Therefore, the rational design and modification of cathode materials are crucial for optimizing the low-temperature performance of SIBs. In this work, the research progress of relevant cathode materials for SIBs, including layered metal oxides, polyanionic compounds, and Prussian blue analogs in low-temperature environments is summarized. Layered metal oxide materials undergo further phase and structural changes during electrochemical reactions at low temperatures, thus their life cycle is somewhat limited. The large anionic groups of polyanionic materials limits the energy density of the materials. The synthesis of high-purity Prussian blue analogs remains a major challenge under low-temperature conditions. Existing strategies, such as surface coating, lattice doping, and structure optimization, can ameliorate the issues mentioned above. In addition, an analysis of the relationship between superior electrochemical performance and the modification of cathode materials is presented. A summary of the status and challenges of the development of SIBs at low temperatures is provided. The great limitations of low temperature on the kinetics during charging and discharging, as well as the unavoidable interaction between positive and negative electrode materials and electrolyte remain the most relevant challenges. This review will provide a reference for further development of SIBs cathode materials at low temperatures.

Key words: sodium ion batteries, low temperature performance, cathode materials, modification research

CLC Number:

TM 911

Weiqi LIN, Qiaoyu LU, Yuhong CHEN, Linyuan QIU, Yurong JI, Lianyu GUAN, Xiang DING. Advances in cathode materials for low-temperature sodium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2348-2360.

Figures/Tables 9

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Fig. 8

Table 1

References 62

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合成方法	材料	低温容量/(mAh/g)	低温循环性能/(mAh/g)	参考文献
溶胶-凝胶	Na_0.612K_0.056MnO₂@Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂	119	-20 ℃，0.1 A/g，150次，82%	[20]
固相	Na_0.75Mn_0.6Ni_0.3Cu_0.1O₂	65.7	-20 ℃，1C，300次，90%	[9]
—	Na_0.67Co_0.2Mn_0.8O₂@NaTi₂(PO₄)₃	115.1	-20 ℃，0.5C，150次，92.3%	[21]
固相	Na_0.7[Ni_0.3Co_0.1Mn_0.6]_0.98Nb_0.02O₂	63.6	-20 ℃，0.5C，300次，79.3%	[27]
溶胶-凝胶	Na_0.67Mn_0.95Sn_0.05O₂	96.6	—	[24]
固相	NaMn_0.6Al_0.4O₂@Al(II, III)O _x	151	-20 ℃，1 A/g，100次，83.2%	[19]
溶胶-凝胶	Na_0.67Mg_0.05Fe _x Ni _y Mn _z O₂	82	-15 ℃，2C，100次，88%	[22]
溶剂热	Na_0.67Ni_0.2Co_0.2Mn_0.6O₂	132.2	-40 ℃，1C，300次，83.9%	[26]
溶胶-凝胶	Na_0.67Ni_0.1Co_0.1Mn_0.8O₂	147.7	-20 ℃，0.5C，100次，70%	[25]
—	Na_0.78Ni_0.31Mn_0.67Nb_0.02O₂	69	-40 ℃，0.5C，800次，94.5%	[11]
—	Na_0.696Ni_0.329Mn_0.671O₂	62.6	-30 ℃，0.5C，100次，95%	[28]
固相	NaNi_0.5Mn_0.5-_x Sb _x O₂	122.3	-20 ℃，0.1C，100次，90%	[10]
溶胶-凝胶	Na₃Fe_0.8VNi_0.2(PO₄)₃	96.3	—	[45]
静电纺丝	Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)₂P₂O₇@C	88.5	-15 ℃，0.05C，700次，80%	[39]
固相	Na_3.5V_1.5Mn_0.5(PO₄)₃@C@3DPG	105.4	-20 ℃，1C，500次，97%	[50]
—	NaFePO₄@C	114.1	-20 ℃，2C，1000次，75.8%	[34]
冷冻干燥	Na_3.9Fe_2.9Al_0.1(PO₄)₂P₂O₇	76.2	-20 ℃，2C，1000次，96.3%	[15]
溶胶-凝胶	Na_2.5VTi_0.5Al_0.5(PO₄)₃	80	0 ℃，5C，1200次，89%	[36]
固相	Na_3-2_x Ca _x V₂(PO₄)₃	112.3	0 ℃，1C，500次，96.3%	[46]
溶胶-凝胶	Na₃V_1.9Zr_0.1(PO₄)₃/NC	103.7	-20 ℃，0.1C，100次，94.4%	[37]
固相	Na₄Fe₃(PO₄)_1.9(SiO₄)_0.1P₂O₇	95.5	-10 ℃，5C，1000次，93.6%	[47]
固相	Na_3-_x K _x V₂(PO₄)₃@C/MWCNT	64.6	-20 ℃，20C，500次，84.2%	[49]
—	Na₃V_1.98Mn_0.02(PO₄)₂F₃	80	-25 ℃，1C，400次，96.5%	[43]
辅助水热	Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃@rGO/CNT	106.7	0 ℃，1C，200次，97.3%	[51]
—	Na₄VMn_0.7Ni_0.3(PO₄)₃@C	82	-40 ℃，1C，160次，98%	[44]

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