Fig. 1

The classification of scaffold materials (a) and their applications in advanced lithium batteries (b)"

Fig. 2

The application of MOF-type scaffold materials as active cathodes for lithium ion batteries"

Fig. 3

Different active centers of lithium storage in molecular scaffold materials: (a) MOF cathode materials based on V3+; (b) lithium storage with copper ions; (c-e) lithium storage through reversible C=O、C=N bonds"

Fig. 4

Protecting cathode using molecular scaffold materials: (a) inhibiting the dissolution of transition metal ions using MOF; (b) decreasing the dissolution and shuttle of lithium polysulfide via encapsulation of sulfur in porous carbon materials; (c) adsorbing and catalyzing lithium polysulfide via MOF scaffolds; (d) protecting NCM cathodes with COF materials; (e) inhibiting the dissolution and shuttle of lithium polysulfide via encapsulation of sulfur in porous COF materials"

Fig. 5

Porous scaffold materials as separators for lithium batteries: (a) adsorbing anions by MOF encapsulated porous fiber membrane; (b) tailoring the Li+ desolvation via MOF coated separators; (c) bifunctional scaffold materials to inhibit the shuttle of lithium polysulfide; (d) homogenous Li+ transport using MOF based functional separators"

Fig. 6

Scaffold materials for electrolytes: (a) perfusing polymer electrolytes into the pores of poly(imide) scaffolds; (b) the fabrication of porous fiber membrane via electrostatic spinning; (c) design of non-flammable electrolyte scaffolds; (d) polymer electrolytes based on nanocellulose scaffolds"

Fig. 7

The application of molecular scaffold materials in electrolytes: (a-b) regulating the transport of Li+ via MOF scaffolds; (c-d) flame-retardant electrolytes based on MOF scaffolds; (e) functional COF polymer electrolytes based on electrostatic spinning; (f-g) COF-based gel electrolytes via in-situ polymerization"

Fig. 8

Solid state polymer electrolytes based on COFs scaffolds"

Fig. 9

Scaffold materials for composite lithium anodes: (a) the fabrication of zero-volume-expansion lithium composite anodes; (b) the design of Cu/Zn alloy composite anodes; (c) encapsulating Li/Zn composite anodes via nickel foam; (d) Li/Bi composite anodes via interpenetrating networks"

Figure 10

Application of skeleton materials in silicon-based anode materials: (a) schematic of the pomegranate-inspired design, (b) schematic illustration of the formation of onion-like Si/C spheres, (c) Schematic illustration of synthetic procedures of Si@SiO2@C micro-particles, (d) Cross-sectional SEM of u-SCM and SCM bare and after cycles."

Fig. 11

Function as three dimensional current collectors: (a) the design of pattern-like Cu/SiO2 current collectors; (b) the hollow three dimensional fiber current collectors for lithium metal anodes; (c) designed current collectors with low Fermi level for anode-free lithium metal batteries; (d) porous carbon current collectors with multiple and aggregated defects"