Research progress of composite phase change materials for thermal management and thermal runaway protection of lithium-ion batteries

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0137

Abstract

Abstract:

The performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries are highly affected by temperature fluctuations. At low temperatures, battery capacity decreases significantly and charging efficiency drops, while high-temperature operations accelerate performance degradation and risk initiating thermal runaway. Composite phase change materials have emerged as an effective solution battery thermal management owing to their capability for efficient thermal storage and temperature regulation across a wide range of conditions. For cooling applications, composite phase change materials with high enthalpy, high thermal conductivity, and flexibility improve the temperature uniformity of battery packs by absorbing excess heat through phase transitions and distributing it evenly across the battery system. Under low-temperature conditions, conductive composite phase change materials enable rapid self-heating through the electrothermal conversion mechanism, effectively mitigating the performance challenges faced by batteries in cold environments. To mitigate the risk of thermal runaway, flame-retardant hydrated salt composite phase change materials effectively suppress heat spread by combining both phase change heat absorption and thermal decomposition heat absorption. This review discusses the use of composite phase change materials in battery cooling, heating, and thermal runaway protection. It also explores how the balance between heat storage capacity and thermal conductivity affects the efficiency of thermal management systems. Furthermore, recent advancements are discussed, including improvements in flexibility, flame-retardant modifications, and chemical-based thermal storage mechanisms. Despite progress, challenges remain in improving the stability, cost-efficiency, and scalability of these materials. Future research should prioritize the development of multifunctional composite designs, intelligent responsive technologies, and large-scale methods to advance the practical use of composite phase change materials in thermal management and thermal runaway protection of power batteries.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal management, thermal runaway, phase-change materials, composites

CLC Number:

TK 02

Xinyu ZHANG, Shenghao LUO, Yingxin WU, Zhenying LIU, Lizhi ZHANG, Ziye LING. Research progress of composite phase change materials for thermal management and thermal runaway protection of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(3): 1040-1053.

Figures/Tables 13

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Table 1

Comparison of composite PCMs for battery thermal management and thermal runaway protection"

复合PCMs组成	应用场景	焓值/(J/g)	热导率/[W/(m·K)]	阻燃性	性能	电池种类	参考文献
三水乙酸钠+尿素+膨胀石墨+有机硅	散热	181.0	4.96	热释放率和有效燃烧热几乎为0	2C放电倍率下最高温度52.3 ℃，最大温差4 ℃	Sanyo 18650电池组	[24]
石蜡+SEBS+h-BN	散热	127.8	2.7	—	6C放电倍率下最高温度45 ℃，最大温差4 ℃	8.6 Ah棱柱电池组	[16]
石蜡+SEBS+膨胀石墨	散热和加热	159.9	1.49	—	30 ℃下经过10次充放电循环后温度降低3.9 ℃；-20 ℃下加热速率12.9 ℃/min	棱柱电池和18650电池组	[27]
石蜡+NR+膨胀石墨	散热	156.5	3.4	—	3C放电倍率下最高温度45 ℃，最大温差2 ℃	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[28]
20% OP28E纳米相变乳液	散热	44.1	0.53~0.60	—	2C放电倍率下最高温度44.6 ℃，最大温差2.5 ℃	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[32]
10%石蜡纳米相变乳液	散热	23.9	0.55~0.62	—	9C放电倍率下最高温度46 ℃，最大温差3.5 ℃	8 Ah棱柱电池组	[33]
RT44HC+膨胀石墨	保温	134.3	9.57	—	47 ℃降至 -10 ℃时间延长约1750 s；2C放电倍率下最大温差8.5 ℃	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[36]
六水氯化钙+CMC	加热	127.8	—	—	5 ℃下加热速率7.5 ℃/min，放电容量提升9.87%	3.2 Ah 18650电池	[37]
石蜡+膨胀石墨	散热和加热	166.2	2.77	—	3C放电倍率下温度低于50 ℃；-40 ℃下加热速率13.4 ℃/min，最大温差3.3 ℃	18650电池组	[9]
石蜡+二氧化硅气凝胶	热失控防护	79.24	0.051	UL-94测试中达到V-0级	完全阻止热失控传播	40 Ah棱柱电池组	[44]
石蜡+膨胀型阻燃剂+碳化硅+膨胀石墨	散热和热失控防护	112.9	4.022	—	2C放电倍率下最高温度降低7.4 ℃；热失控传播延长90 s	Sanyo 18650和10 Ah NCM软包电池组	[20]
三水乙酸钠+膨胀石墨	热失控防护	793.4	4.96	—	完全阻止热失控传播	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[45]
三水乙酸钠+尿素+膨胀石墨	热失控防护	1000	9.05	—	完全阻止热失控传播	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[46]
TCM40+膨胀石墨	散热和热失控防护	1276	9.1	垂直燃烧测试中达到V-0级	3C放电倍率下最高温度36 ℃，最大温差2.5 ℃；完全阻止热失控传播	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[47]

Table 1

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