Design and thermoeconomic assessments of CO2 Carnot battery employing sensible heat storage at high temperatures

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0084

Abstract

Abstract:

The Carnot battery is a thermomechanical energy storage technology based on the Carnot cycle. It stores electrical energy in the form of thermal energy. Some of its advantages are its simple structure, environmental friendliness, high economic efficiency, and strong flexibility. This study explored the design of 10 MW high-temperature CO₂ Carnot battery systems based on the Brayton cycle and the supercritical Rankine cycle. Mathematical models of the system and its components were established. The impact of various sensible heat storage methods on the thermodynamic performance of the system was examined, and a thermoeconomic analysis was conducted. The study revealed that at a heat storage temperature of approximately 400 ℃, the CO₂ Carnot battery system based on the Brayton cycle achieves a round-trip efficiency of 66.6%, whereas the system based on the supercritical Rankine cycle achieves a round-trip efficiency of 60.4%. The influence of parameters such as working fluid flow rate and inlet pressures of the high-temperature compressor and high-temperature expander on system performance was analyzed. Thermodynamic and economic analyses were conducted for different cycle processes and components, and recommendations were made to optimize the system. The comprehensive evaluation of thermodynamic performance and economic feasibility identified the supercritical Rankine cycle CO₂ Carnot battery with solid heat storage as the optimal choice. The findings of this work offer valuable insights for the design optimization and application of CO₂ Carnot battery systems.

Key words: Carnot battery, carbon dioxide, high-temperature sensible heat storage, exergy analysis, economic analysis

CLC Number:

TK 02

Wenrui WANG, Jiahao HAO, Pingyang Zheng, Yunkai YUE, Junling YANG, Zhentao ZHANG. Design and thermoeconomic assessments of CO₂ Carnot battery employing sensible heat storage at high temperatures[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(7): 2714-2728.

Figures/Tables 25

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 4

Table 3

Table 4

Fig. 5

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8

Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Table 9

Main equipment procurement cost function[33]"

主要设备/件	尺寸因子	采购费用/$
压缩机	轴功率/kW	$9000 X 0.6 + 20000$
膨胀机(涡轮式)	轴功率/kW	$9000 X 0.69 + 40000$
CO₂泵	轴功率/kW	$1500 X 0.8 + 50000$
水泵	体积流量/(m³/s)	$44160 X 0.9 + 30900$
板式换热器	换热面积/m²	$450 X 0.82 + 5000$
封闭式储罐(常压)	体积/m³	$600 X 0.78 + 8000$
压力容器	体积/m³	$4500 X 0.6 + 10000$
驱动电机	电功率/kW	$110 X + 5000$

Table 9

Table 10

Table 11

Fig. 11

Fig. 12

Table 12

Table 13

References 42

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序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	234	1.7	8	227	1.7
2	427	8	9	135	1.7
3	277	8	10	40	1.7
4	100	8	11	-3	1.7
5	-14	1.7	12	134	8
6	23	1.7	13	213	8
7	370	8

材料名称	温度范围/℃	等压比热容/[kJ/(kg·K)]	密度/(kg/m³)	导热系数/[W/(m·K)]
磁铁矿	-160~600	0.65~0.90	5200~4800	5.2~4.0
solar盐	290~650	1.45~1.70	2000~1800	0.55~0.45
40% EG/H₂O	-20 ~ 100	3.3~3.8	1080~1040	0.43~0.37

参数	数值	参数	数值
蓄热介质体积	629.1 m³	颗粒直径	0.4 mm
换热比表面积	900 m^-1	孔隙率	0.4
实际换热高度	5 m	初始温度	300 K

项目	文献结果	本文模拟值	误差%
蓄热温度/℃	466.8	463.9	-0.62
储能压缩机功率/kW	15175	15188	0.09
释能膨胀机功率/kW	7849	7830	-0.24
能量损失/kW	7902	7963	0.77
往返效率RTE/%	49.83	51.56	3.47

设计参数	数值
放电功率/MW	10
放电时间/h	4
CO₂工质流量/(kg/s)	50
蓄热温度/℃	387
H-COM入口温度/℃；入口压力/MPa	234；1.7
H-TUR入口温度/℃；入口压力/MPa	370；8

Design and thermoeconomic assessments of CO₂ Carnot battery employing sensible heat storage at high temperatures

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序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	234	1.7	8	227	1.7
2	427	8	9	135	1.7
3	277	8	10	40	1.7
4	100	8	11	-3	1.7
5	-14	1.7	12	134	8
6	23	1.7	13	213	8
7	370	8

序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	250	2.7	10	396	11
2	428	11	11	253	2.7
3	280	11	12	130	2.7
4	99	11	13	30	2.7
5	35	11	14	-6	2.7
6	-6	11	15	-12	11
7	-12	2.7	16	-5	11
8	-12	2.7	17	70	11
9	25	2.7	18	250	11

系统配置	S1	S2	S3	S4
TCC/M$	36.441	36.341	35.004	34.905
PCC/($/kW)	3618	3608	3475	3465
ECC/($/kWh)	904	902	869	866

系统配置	S1	S2	S3	S4
TCC/M$	16.255	16.231	14.005	13.982
PCC/($/kW)	1612	1677	1389	1387
ECC/($/kWh)	403	402	347	346

LCOE/($/kWh)	S1	S2	S3	S4
B-CPTES	0.2341	0.2333	0.2233	0.2225
R-CPTES	0.1174	0.1172	0.1068	0.1067

循环类型	系统特点	工质	往返效率	经济成本
布雷顿循环系统	采用规则耐火砖，以填充床形式蓄热^[37]	氩气	52%~72%	ECC=9~11 $/kWh
	采用不规则破碎玄武岩，以填充床形式蓄热^[27]	空气	约45%	ECC=13 $/kWh
	采用玄武岩，以填充床形式蓄热^[38]	氩气和氦气	约80%	LCOE=0.4 $/kWh
	采用熔盐，以双罐式蓄热^[39]	超临界CO₂	60%~78%	未进行经济性分析
朗肯循环系统	采用常压水以储罐形式蓄热^{[33, 40]}	CO₂	48%~64%	TCC=27~38 M$
	采用相变材料，以填充床形式蓄热^[41]	CO₂	43%~56%	LCOE=0.32~0.5 $/kWh
	采用常压水/导热油，以储罐形式蓄热^[18]	CO₂+有机工质	58%	未进行经济性分析
	采用加压水/相变材料，以储罐形式蓄热^[42]	有机工质	60%~110%	未进行经济性分析

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系统	系统耗电功率/kW	系统发电功率/kW	RTE/%	储能密度/(kW/m³)
B-CPTES	15119	10073	66.6	17.50
R-CPTES	16682	10082	60.4	11.47

序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	234	1.7	8	227	1.7
2	427	8	9	135	1.7
3	277	8	10	40	1.7
4	100	8	11	-3	1.7
5	-14	1.7	12	134	8
6	23	1.7	13	213	8
7	370	8

序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	250	2.7	10	396	11
2	428	11	11	253	2.7
3	280	11	12	130	2.7
4	99	11	13	30	2.7
5	35	11	14	-6	2.7
6	-6	11	15	-12	11
7	-12	2.7	16	-5	11
8	-12	2.7	17	70	11
9	25	2.7	18	250	11

序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	234	1.7	8	227	1.7
2	427	8	9	135	1.7
3	277	8	10	40	1.7
4	100	8	11	-3	1.7
5	-14	1.7	12	134	8
6	23	1.7	13	213	8
7	370	8

序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa	序号	温度/℃	压力/MPa
1	250	2.7	10	396	11
2	428	11	11	253	2.7
3	280	11	12	130	2.7
4	99	11	13	30	2.7
5	35	11	14	-6	2.7
6	-6	11	15	-12	11
7	-12	2.7	16	-5	11
8	-12	2.7	17	70	11
9	25	2.7	18	250	11