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Experimental investigation of thermal performance in a solid sensible heat storage device for medium-high-temperature flue gas waste heat recovery Jiulin CHEN, Xiaodi XUE, Li WANG, Zhijue XING Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 3185-3193.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0110 Abstract （246）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （5050KB）（13129）       Knowledge map    Save To improve the low utilization efficiency of industrial flue gas waste heat caused by high dust content and significant temperature fluctuations, a novel horizontal flue gas–solid sensible heat storage device employing high-temperature concrete as the thermal storage medium was developed. A pilot-scale system was designed and constructed for the recovery and storage of waste heat from steel sintering ring-cooled flue gas. Experimental investigations were conducted to analyze the temperature distribution, flow resistance characteristics, instantaneous energy efficiency, thermal efficiency, and exergy efficiency of the storage device. The results revealed the formation of thermoclines along the axial direction during charging and discharging, with higher temperatures near the charging inlet and a relatively uniform radial temperature distribution. The device exhibited a low pressure drop, with a gradual pressure increase during charging and a corresponding decrease during discharging. Both the instantaneous energy efficiency and heat transfer power declined over time. Lower flue gas flow rates yielded more stable instantaneous efficiency, extended heat exchange duration, and reduced pressure drop, though at the cost of decreased heat transfer power. Therefore, the optimal flow velocity should be selected according to application requirements. During stable operation, the system achieved a heat storage capacity of 1376 kWh, with thermal and exergy efficiencies of 93.02% and 91.7%, respectively. The parallel-plate heat exchange structure enabled efficient heat transfer between the solid storage unit and dusty flue gas while effectively mitigating ash deposition and channel blockage. These findings provide an experimental foundation for the scale-up and application of flue gas-solid sensible heat storage systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of magnetic bearings in flywheel energy storage systems Xiankui WEN, Bowen LI, Zhengjun SHI, Huayang YE, Lingrong PANG, Xiaoyin ZHANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 2932-2941.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0523 Abstract （195）   HTML （4）    PDF（pc） （4786KB）（11427）       Knowledge map    Save The flywheel energy storage system converts electrical energy into kinetic energy by accelerating the flywheel through a motor, storing the energy, decelerating and braking the flywheel to generate electricity, and releasing kinetic energy. The system relies on power electronic devices to control the acceleration or deceleration of the motor to achieve energy conversion. Characterized by a fast response, high charging and discharging frequency, high conversion efficiency, and long service life, flywheel energy storage systems are widely used in fields such as power frequency regulation, energy recovery, and uninterrupted power supply. In this study, a scheme for the magnetic bearing of a high-power flywheel energy storage system is designed by utilizing a support method combining radial and axial heavy-load electromagnetic bearings. The finite element method is used to complete the analysis of the electromagnetic performance of the system through simulation. Furthermore, a multi-physics coupled model is established for analysis of the bidirectional coupling between the electromagnetic and thermal fields, enabling comprehensive evaluation of the temperature distribution of the magnetic bearings under different current conditions. The performance of the designed heavy-duty electromagnetic bearing meets the design requirements, and the natural air-cooling method can ensure the safe operation of the system. Although reducing the coil current contributes to improving the thermal safety, it also leads to a decrease in the electromagnetic force. Therefore, the design of magnetic bearings for flywheel energy storage systems must achieve a proper trade-off between thermal management and the electromagnetic performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of artificial intelligence in flywheel energy storage Lu WEI, Zhiyi LENG, Jia YE, Yujie XU, Haisheng CHEN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 3019-3027.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0658 Abstract （180）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （726KB）（9530）       Knowledge map    Save Flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) offer outstanding advantages in grid frequency regulation, inertia support, high-frequency peak shaving, and other applications due to their high power density, long service life, rapid responses, and environmental friendliness. However, FESSs face challenges related to achieving cost effectiveness and design reliability, stability of high-speed permanent magnet motors, control of magnetic suspension control, online prediction of faults, and control of multimachine parallel arrays. This paper reviews recent literature on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in key areas of FESSs, including design optimization, motor control, magnetic suspension control, grid-connected control, and fault diagnosis. Particular focus is given to the use of algorithms such as neural networks in several technical domains: modeling and analysis of composite material rotors, multiparameter collaborative optimization of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), efficiency optimization and speed estimation of PMSMs under varying conditions, electromagnetic bearing control algorithms, grid-connected system robustness and distributed collaborative control, frequency regulation strategies, and bearing fault diagnosis and early warning. Future development directions such as the integration of large AI models and multitechnology collaborative optimization are also discussed. These insights aim to support intelligent research and development in FESSs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Boosting sodium battery energy storage: New research progress of pre-sodiation technology Jingyu XIANG, Wei ZHONG, Shijie CHENG, Jia XIE Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 3051-3064.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0399 Abstract （328）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （13495KB）（9013）       Knowledge map    Save Sodium and lithium exhibit similar physicochemical properties, and sodium resources are abundant and widely distributed. Accordingly, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as promising complements to lithium-ion battery energy storage systems, with broad potential for large-scale and short-term high-frequency energy storage applications. However, the initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of sodium-storage anode materials is generally low, preventing them from realizing their theoretical capacity. Pre-sodiation technology, as one of the most effective active sodium compensation strategies, can effectively mitigate active sodium loss. This paper comprehensively analyzes the major challenges facing pre-sodiation technology in recent years and summarizes novel approaches proposed to address these issues. Based on the redox properties of various sodium sources, current pre-sodiation techniques are categorized into reductive and oxidative pre-sodiation. The advantages, disadvantages, and industrial feasibility of different pre-sodiation methods are compared, with a focus on elucidating their mechanisms and research progress. Furthermore, the development prospects of pre-sodiation technology are discussed. This review aims to deepen understanding of pre-sodiation technology and provide theoretical guidance and innovative insights for optimizing and developing novel pre-sodiation techniques suitable for high-power applications at scale. Based on existing research, we propose that solid-state oxidative pre-sodiation materials hold promise for enabling multiple sodium replenishments throughout the battery's lifecycle, thereby establishing a technical foundation for high-power, high-energy-density sodium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Reviews of 100 selected recent papers on lithium batteries (December 1, 2024 to January 31, 2025) Xinxin ZHANG, Guanjun CEN, Ronghan QIAO, Jing ZHU, Junfeng HAO, Qiangfu SUN, Mengyu TIAN, Zhou JIN, Yuanjie ZHAN, Yong YAN, Liubin BEN, Hailong YU, Yanyan LIU, Hong ZHOU, Xuejie HUANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (3): 1310-1330.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0155 Abstract （1443）   HTML （90）    PDF（pc） （1659KB）（8825）       Knowledge map    Save This bimonthly review provides a comprehensive overview of recent research on lithium batteries. A total of 5413 online papers published between December 1, 2024 and January 31, 2025 were examined using the Web of Science database. Using the BERTopic model, the abstract texts were analyzed, and a research topic map for lithium battery studies was generated. From these, 100 papers were selected for in-depth discussion. The selected studies covered various aspects of lithium batteries. Research on cathode materials, including Ni-rich layered oxides and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, focuses on improvements through doping, surface coating, and microstructural modifications. The cycling performances of Si-based anodes were enhanced through structural design. Considerable efforts have been devoted to interfacial and bulk structure design for lithium metal anodes. Studies on solid-state electrolytes examined structural design and performance in polymer, sulfide, and halide electrolytes as well as their composite forms. In contrast, liquid electrolytes were improved through optimized solvent and lithium salt designs for different battery applications and the incorporation of novel functional additives. For solid-state batteries, studies have explored cathode modification, surface coating, and synthesis methods as well as interface construction and three-dimensional structural design for lithium metal anodes. Interface modifications of current collectors for anode-free batteries have also been widely investigated. In lithium-sulfur batteries, the structural design of the cathode and liquid electrolyte contributes to extended cycle life. In addition, lithium-sulfur and lithium-oxygen batteries have garnered considerable attention. Other studies have investigated ion transport and degradation mechanisms in electrodes, lithium deposition morphology, and solid electrolyte interphase evolution. Research has also addressed thermal runaway analysis in full batteries, theoretical simulations of solvent effects on the cathode electrolyte interphase, and optimization of manufacturing processes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Recent advances in theoretical and computational simulations of pseudocapacitors Fuxu XING, Qi QIN, Longkang WANG, Yubing LI, Shuaikai XU, Tangming MO Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 3004-3018.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0519 Abstract （388）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （12263KB）（8536）       Knowledge map    Save Pseudocapacitors are highly attractive for energy storage applications due to their ability to deliver both high energy and power densities. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in developing and optimizing pseudocapacitive materials. Nevertheless, the intrinsic complexity of pseudocapacitive interfaces and their rapid charge-discharge dynamics pose considerable challenges for conventional experimental techniques to elucidate the coupled ion transport and charge transfer mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of the microscopic processes underlying pseudocapacitance remains a major challenge. This review systematically traces the evolution of pseudocapacitance theory, emphasizing its fundamental distinctions from electric double-layer capacitance and battery-type behavior. By integrating recent advances in computational modeling, we critically evaluate the essential role of simulations in unraveling pseudocapacitive mechanisms. Key methodologies discussed include first-principles calculations, molecular dynamics simulations, implicit solvation models, ab initio molecular dynamics, continuum transport models, and multiscale simulation strategies. These approaches provide valuable theoretical insights into interfacial reaction kinetics, ion transport pathways, and structure-property relationships, thereby informing the rational design of high-performance pseudocapacitors. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Disturbance-free switching control technology for energy storage converters between grid-following and grid-forming modes Gongqiang LI, Lulu ZHAO, Fengxiang XIE, Yongdong JI, Jingjia LIU, Yanqiao CHEN, Yi JIN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 2983-2993.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0642 Abstract （253）   HTML （8）    PDF（pc） （5769KB）（6571）       Knowledge map    Save Energy storage systems (ESS) that operate solely in either grid-following (GFL) or grid-forming (GFM) control modes are insufficient for the demands of complex and dynamic power grids. This study proposes a seamless GFL/GFM switching control method for energy storage converters, enabling smooth transitions between GFM and GFL modes in response to environmental changes. The proposed method leverages the steady-state vector relationships of the two control modes and integrates key modules, including power angle observation, coordinate system rotation, and proportional-integral (PI) regulator initialization. Through impedance-based analysis, the correlation between system stability and the grid short-circuit ratio (SCR) under both modes is examined. It is demonstrated that dynamic variations in SCR can be effectively managed via hybrid GFL/GFM control and seamless switching, thereby improving system stability. The proposed approach is validated through simulation studies conducted using a MATLAB/Simulink model of an ESS. The results confirm that the converter achieves seamless transitions between GFL and GFM control, with enhanced responsiveness and stability. This research enhances the operational flexibility of high-power, high-frequency grid-forming ESS, enabling reliable performance in diverse scenarios such as grid-connected/off-grid operation and strong/weak grid conditions, and ensuring system safety and stability under varying external conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Review of the research on industrialization and applications of supercapacitors Xinkai SU, Lulu ZHAO, Yanqiao CHEN, Chu WANG, Huanjun CHEN, Yi JIN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 2994-3003.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0522 Abstract （309）   HTML （13）    PDF（pc） （7148KB）（6470）       Knowledge map    Save With the transformation of China's energy structure, the demand for energy storage devices with rapid response, high-frequency regulation, and intrinsic safety for the new power systems is increasing. Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention owing to their advantages as energy storage devices, including their high power density, long cycle life, wide-temperature range of operation, and no safety hazards due to dendrite growth. This review systematically evaluates the technical systems and application progress of supercapacitors. In terms of cell research and development, the typical technical routes and performance of two types of electric double-layer supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors are analyzed. In terms of system applications, this review discusses the implementation of supercapacitors in several applications such as wind turbine pitch systems, energy storage in new energy systems, frequency modulation in thermal power plants, independent energy storage systems, and transportation. In addition, this review briefly discusses the use of supercapacitors in other applications such as kinetic energy recovery of power machinery (e.g., cranes), data center backup power systems, and power equipment. Finally, the challenges still facing supercapacitors in energy density, life cycle cost, and application scenarios are analyzed. Future research is discussed, focusing on its prioritization of three areas: developing new material systems, promoting the diversification of application scenarios, and innovating a "supercapacitor+" hybrid energy storage model. Finally, the review discusses the necessity of broadening the commercial application of supercapacitors in new power systems through system and scenario innovation with differentiated products. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Lithium sulfide: the "cornerstone" material in the era of all-solid-state batteries Tete HE, Yang LU, Yang LIU, Bin XU, Yongle CHEN, Fangyang LIU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (3): 898-912.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0030 Abstract （2059）   HTML （112）    PDF（pc） （4331KB）（6260）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium sulfide (Li2S), as a critical precursor for synthesizing high-performance sulfide solid electrolytes, forming the foundation of the industrial development of sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Achieving a deep understanding of Li2S's key physicochemical properties, alongside advancing high-quality, cost-effective, and scalable fabrication techniques, is strategically significant for the sulfide ASSB industry. This study elucidates the central role of Li2S within the technological framework of ASSBs, emphasizing its core physicochemical parameters, key performance metrics, and their critical impact on industrial applications. Five promising synthesis methos are systematically reviewed from an industrial feasibility perspective, including direct sulfurization of metallic lithium, carbothermal reduction, hydrazine hydrate reduction, liquid-phase metathesis, and hydrogen sulfide neutralization. A multidimensional evaluation framework is constructed to compare these techniques across several dimensions, such as process characteristics, product performance, safety risks, and economic viability. This analysis identifies the key bottlenecks restricting the industrialization of Li2S and proposes targeted strategies for optimization. Potential future directions in large-scale production technologies are also outlined. This study aims to serve as a valuable reference for the industrial production of Li2S and its efficient integration into sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries, thereby facilitating technological advancements and cost reductions in sulfide solid electrolyte systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Challenges and strategies for interface failures in silicon-based solid-state batteries Qin WANG, Yangang ZHANG, Junfei LIANG, Hua WANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (2): 570-582.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0774 Abstract （731）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （16765KB）（4349）       Knowledge map    Save Silicon-based materials are among the most promising anode materials for solid-state batteries owing to their high specific capacity. However, interface failures between silicon-based electrode materials and solid-state electrolytes disrupt ion and electron transport pathways, leading to increased internal impedance, uneven current-density distribution, and eventual degradation of battery capacity and cycle life. This issue presents a major challenge in designing high-energy-density and long-cycle silicon-based solid-state batteries. First, we evaluate the reasons for interface failures between silicon-based materials and solid-state electrolytes, focusing on crystal structures, critical dimensions, and electrochemical sintering. We also discuss the impact of lithium concentration on the electronic conductivity, ionic diffusion coefficient, and Young's modulus of pure silicon materials. Furthermore, we summarize various strategies to address the interface failures, including the application of binders, buffer layers, electrode-material structure design, and particle-size matching between electrode materials and electrolytes. Additionally, we emphasize the potential influence of applying equal and constant stacking pressure on battery performance during the cycling process. This study aims to elucidate the scientific challenges associated with silicon-based material and electrolyte-interface failures in solid-state batteries, resulting in capacity decay and decreased cycle life. Further, this work proposes strategies to address these challenges considering silicon-based material design, electrode material preparation, and electrode-electrolyte matching, thereby guiding further advancements in this field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage Jin LI, Qingsong WANG, Depeng KONG, Xiaodong WANG, Zhenhua YU, Yanfei LE, Xinyan HUANG, Zhenkai HU, Houfu WU, Huabin FANG, Caowei, Shaoyu ZHANG, Ping ZHUO, Ye CHEN, Ziting LI, Wenxin MEI, Yue ZHANG, Lixiang ZHAO, Liang TANG, Zonghou HUANG, Chi CHEN, Yanhu LIU, Yuxi CHU, Xiaoyuan XU, Jin ZHANG, Yikai LI, Rong FENG, Biao YANG, Bo HU, Xiaoying YANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2282-2301.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0252 Abstract （2333）   HTML （237）    PDF（pc） （5701KB）（4068）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, research progress on safety assessment technologies of lithium-ion battery energy storage is reviewed. The status of standards related to the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage is elucidated, and research progress on safety assessment theories of lithium-ion battery energy storage is summarized in terms of battery intrinsic safety, energy storage failure and accident statistics, thermal runaway mechanism, and fire spread mechanism. Numerical simulations and safety assessment technologies from lithium-ion battery cells to energy storage systems are analyzed, and the current situation of the safety assessment technology of energy storage power stations is introduced. The results indicate that, with the continuous iteration of battery technology and the continuous upgrading of energy storage system structures, the safety assessment of energy storage becomes more and more complex; thus, existing assessment techniques and standards must be further improved. In the future, safety assessment indexes must be adjusted and updated according to the development of energy storage battery intrinsic safety and electrical and fire safety technologies. By combining the progress of simulation and experimental means, safety index thresholds are clarified, as well as the evolution of safety performance accompanying capacity decay and aging after the energy storage system is put into operation. This study aims to build a safety performance level assessment system covering multiple systems, scenarios, and elements; integrate dynamic and static indicators; and develop a safety performance rating assessment technology for energy storage systems that covers "cell-module-unit-system-power plant" layers. Finally, we aim to develop an internationally applicable safety performance assessment standard for energy storage systems and provide Chinese solutions for global energy storage safety. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Thermal characterization and thermal consistency study of battery packs based on differences in monomer characteristic parameters Teng ZHANG, Guofeng CHANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 3194-3206.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0127 Abstract （248）   HTML （7）    PDF（pc） （3459KB）（3972）       Knowledge map    Save Variations in the characteristic parameters of individual cells within a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack-such as state of charge (SOC), capacity, and internal resistance-can lead to nonuniform thermal distribution due to electrothermal coupling, thereby affecting the overall performance and safety of the pack. This study investigates the dynamic behavior of lithium batteries at different temperatures and depths of discharge, and establishes a second-order RC equivalent circuit-thermal coupling model to examine how inconsistencies in SOC, capacity, and internal resistance influence the thermal behavior of series- and parallel-connected battery packs through numerical simulations. The study quantifies disparities in energy release, heat generation, and temperature distribution across various connection configurations. Results show that, under SOC inconsistency, the parallel-connected pack releases 379.575 Ah due to the self-balancing effect-higher than the 366.024 Ah released by the series-connected pack. However, the standard deviation of the heat generation rate and maximum temperature deviation in the parallel configuration are 2.265 W and 0.62 ℃, respectively, which are significantly greater than those in the series configuration (0.475 W and 0.275 ℃), indicating superior thermal consistency in the series-connected arrangement. For capacity inconsistency, the parallel configuration exhibits greater fluctuations in heating rate due to uneven branch currents, with a temperature standard deviation of 0.421—0.188 ℃ higher than that of the series-connected pack (0.233 ℃). The maximum temperature difference reaches 1.222 ℃ in the parallel configuration, compared to 0.670 ℃ in the series, further highlighting the enhanced thermal uniformity of the series layout. Under internal resistance inconsistency, the average temperature of the series-connected pack is marginally higher (33.233 ℃) than that of the parallel configuration (33.204 ℃), yet the standard deviations of temperature and heat generation rate in the series-connected pack (0.19 ℃ and 0.097 W) remain lower than those in the parallel-connected one (0.215 ℃ and 0.405 W). This suggests that the series configuration effectively mitigates thermal imbalance induced by internal resistance variations. Further quantitative comparison reveals that SOC inconsistency has the most pronounced effect on thermal consistency, with maximum differences in heating rate reaching 6.499 W in the parallel configuration and 1.261 W in the series. Capacity inconsistency leads to the largest temperature difference in the parallel pack (1.222 ℃), which is 1.8 times greater than that in the series. For internal resistance inconsistency, the temperature standard deviation in the series configuration is only 88% of that in the parallel. In conclusion, series-connected battery packs exhibit better thermal consistency under parameter inconsistencies, while parallel-connected packs offer greater energy output but demand more robust thermal management to mitigate temperature fluctuations. These findings provide a quantitative foundation for optimizing thermal models and designing cooling strategies in electric vehicle battery systems, thereby enhancing both safety and operational longevity. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on surge analysis and anti-surge of turbo-compressor Yifan ZHANG, Jie LIU, Ya'nan LI, Jiahao HAO, Yunkai YUE, Junling YANG, Zhentao ZHANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (1): 269-282.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0590 Abstract （646）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （4020KB）（3281）       Knowledge map    Save The performance of turbine compressors plays a crucial role in the overall efficiency of large-scale compressed gas energy storage systems. Surge, an inherent characteristic of turbo-compressors, cannot be eliminated but can be suppressed, significantly affecting the operational efficiency, safety, and stability of compressors. Thus, anti-surge technology is essential for ensuring the safe and stable operation of turbo-compressors, particularly in compressed gas energy storage systems, where compressors frequently start and stop. This study reviews recent developments in turbo-compressor anti-surge technologies, focusing on four key areas: First, it discusses the physical characteristics of turbo-compressor surge, including the mechanism behind surge generation, identification techniques, and flow field characteristics when a surge occurs. Second, it provides an overview of the progress in three anti-surge control approaches and their respective advantages and disadvantages, including passive control to prevent surge by limiting the compressor inlet flow, active control to prevent surge by changing the compressor performance, and active/passive control that combines active control and passive control. Third, it examines compressor surge detection technologies based on signal analysis and processing. Finally, it explores future trends in turbo-compressor anti-surge technologies. A comprehensive analysis indicates that a combination of an in-depth understanding of surge characteristics, a well-designed anti-surge control strategy, and advanced surge detection technologies can effectively suppress compressor surges. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 Haisheng CHEN, Hong LI, Yujie XU, Man CHEN, Liang WANG, Xingjian DAI, Dehou XU, Xisheng TANG, Xianfeng LI, Yongsheng HU, Yanwei MA, Yu LIU, Wei SU, Qingsong WANG, Jun CHEN, Ping ZHUO, Liye XIAO, Xuezhi ZHOU, Ziping FENG, Kai JIANG, Haijun YU, Yongbing TANG, Renjie CHEN, Yatao LIU, Yuxin ZHANG, Xipeng LIN, Huan GUO, Han ZHANG, Changkun ZHANG, Dongxu HU, Xiaohui RONG, Xiong ZHANG, Kaiqiang JIN, Lihua JIANG, Yumin PENG, Shiqi LIU, Yilin ZHU, Xing WANG, Xin ZHOU, Xuewu OU, Quanquan PANG, Zhenhua YU, Wei LIU, Fen YUE, Zhen LI, Zhen SONG, Zhifeng WANG, Wenji SONG, Haibo LIN, Jiecai LI, Bin YI, Fujun LI, Xinhui PAN, Li LI, Yiming MA, Huang LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (5): 1516-1552.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0330 Abstract （2078）   HTML （292）    PDF（pc） （3233KB）（3274）       Knowledge map    Save Research progress on energy storage technologies of China in 2022 is reviewed in this paper. By reviewing and analyzing three aspects in terms of fundamental study, technical research, integration and demonstration, the progress on China's energy storage technologies in 2022 is summarized including hydro pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, flywheel, lithium-ion battery, lead battery, flow battery, sodium-ion battery, supercapacitor, new technologies, integration technology, firecontrol technology etc. It is found that important achievements in energy storage technologies have been obtained during 2022, and China is now the most active country in the world in energy storage fields on all the three aspects of fundamental study, technical research, integration and application. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Fast frequency response and stable control of multi-port energy router Zhaoqin SUN, Ke LI, Gaoxian DU, Chen HU, Meng NIU, Zhen ZHU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (8): 2970-2982.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0524 Abstract （147）   HTML （5）    PDF（pc） （6368KB）（2986）       Knowledge map    Save To address the poor stability and difficulty in rapid frequency regulation for a large number of renewable new energy sources connected to the power grid system, a method of achieving a fast frequency response and controlling the stability of multi-port energy routers under frequency regulation conditions was developed. First, to address the low-frequency instability caused by the strategy used to control the frequency modulation in existing multi-port energy routers (small hydro power, photovoltaic, energy storage, and grid connected ports), methods of controlling energy routers were analyzed by combining small signal impedance modeling methods to derive impedance models for each port of multi-port energy routers. Based on the equivalent impedance model of each port of the energy router, the instability and mechanism of achieving stable operation of the multi-port energy router were studied. The existing strategy for controlling the frequency modulation in energy routers is susceptible to interaction of the inductive impedance, capacitive impedance, and negative damping impedance. The phase difference at the intersection of port impedances is greater than 180°, and the Nyquist plot surrounds the (-1, 0j) point in a clockwise manner, making the system prone to instability during low-frequency oscillation. However, the new, fast-frequency-response control strategy proposed herein for the energy router can ensure that the phase difference at the intersection of port impedances is less than 180° and the Nyquist plot does not surround the (-1, 0j) point, ensuring stable operation of the system. The data provide theoretical guidance and technical support for achieving a fast frequency response and stable control of multi-port energy routers under frequency modulation conditions. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method for achieving a fast-frequency response and stable control of multi-port energy routers was verified by simulation. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Interfacial behavior of FEC and VC at graphite anode of lithium-ion batteries Yan ZHAO, Hao LIU, Zonglin YI, Li LI, Lijing XIE, Fangyuan SU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (9): 3249-3258.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0217 Abstract （637）   HTML （45）    PDF（pc） （4928KB）（2955）       Knowledge map    Save In lithium-ion batteries, electrolyte additives such as fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) have been widely employed to enhance the stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface; however, their effects on graphite electrodes remain unclear. In this study, the interfacial behavior of FEC and VC on graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries is systematically investigated. The distinct mechanisms by which FEC and VC influence graphite surfaces are elucidated through various characterization techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance results indicate that, in Li|Gr cells, the total impedance before and after solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation with FEC is lower than that with VC, whereas in Li|Ref|Gr cells, the total impedance with FEC is higher than that with VC. The interfacial impedances are further deconvoluted using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-distribution of relaxation time (EIS-DRT) method to determine the SEI impedance, the charge-exchange impedance at the SEI-graphite interface, and the SEI–electrolyte interface charge-exchange impedance in Li|Gr cells. The characteristic relaxation times of FEC and VC are essentially consistent for each component, with values of 5×10-5 s for SEI impedance, 3×10-4 s for SEI-graphite interface charge exchange, and 5×10-3 s for SEI-electrolyte interface charge exchange. The results show that VC reduction at 0.77 V forms an organic-rich SEI, significantly reducing impedance at the graphite interface but exhibiting poor compatibility with lithium metal, thereby increasing the total cell impedance. In contrast, FEC reduction at 1 V forms a LiF-rich SEI on the graphite surface, which increases graphite interface impedance yet greatly improves the stability of the lithium metal electrode. The adverse effect of FEC on the graphite interface is outweighed by its stabilizing effect on lithium metal, ultimately reducing the total cell impedance. This study provides important experimental insights and theoretical guidance for the optimized design of electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries Shaohong ZENG, Weixiong WU, Jizhen LIU, Shuangfeng WANG, Shifeng YE, Zhenyu FENG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (9): 2888-2903.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0269 Abstract （2692）   HTML （148）    PDF（pc） （14824KB）（2820）       Knowledge map    Save The thermal management system of batteries is of great significance to the safe and efficient operation of lithium batteries. Compared with traditional thermal management technology, immersion cooling technology has obvious advantages in controlling temperature and energy efficiency. With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage power stations, research on immersion cooling systems has gained increasing attention. This paper first systematically summarizes the five commonly used dielectric fluids, including electronic fluorinated fluids, hydrocarbons, esters, silicone oils, and water-based fluids, from thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, safety, environmental protection, and economy perspectives. Then, according to the battery system's operating temperature characteristics, the research progress of immersion cooling in low-temperature preheating, room temperature cooling, and thermal runaway suppression is reviewed in detail. There is still a lack of research on low-temperature preheating. Ambient temperature cooling can be achieved through single-phase liquid cooling or gas-liquid phase change cooling. Dielectric fluids with high flash points may be crucial in suppressing thermal runaway during the battery system failure. Finally, the current progress of this field is introduced, and the future development direction of dielectric fluids for lithium-ion battery immersion systems is proposed. Among them, electronic fluorinated fluids and synthetic hydrocarbons are relatively mature, esters and silicone oils are less studied, and water-based fluids urgently need to solve the electrical insulation problem. This paper can provide a reference for designing an immersion cooling system for electrochemical energy storage systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Long life lithium iron phosphate battery and its materials and process Guiping ZHANG, Xiaoyan YAN, Bing WANG, Peixin YAO, Changjie HU, Yizhe LIU, Shuli LI, Jianjun XUE Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2134-2140.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0381 Abstract （1895）   HTML （201）    PDF（pc） （1606KB）（2780）       Knowledge map    Save This study focuses on harnessing the advantages of prelithiation technology and prelithiation materials, also known as lithium supplements or prelithiation additives, by incorporating them into the positive electrode of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Two battery prototypes were developed: A 51-Ah square aluminum-shell full battery with LFP and a 7-Ah soft-pack full battery. The cycle life of these batteries was tested and studied. Based on experience, the characteristics and impact on the battery life of main materials such as positive and negative electrodes (such as LFP, graphite, electrolyte ratio, current collector, and separator), auxiliary materials (positive and negative electrode adhesives, conductive agents, etc.), and prelithiation materials were analyzed. The lithium replenishment mechanism and lithium replenishment capacity of several prelithiation materials that have already been industrialized were analyzed through chemical reaction equations. Experimental results show that the cycle life of a 7 Ah battery with prelithiated materials reaches 9000 cycles, while a 7 Ah battery without prelithiated materials achieved 5300 cycles. The 7 Ah battery with prelithiated materials exhibits substantially better cycle performance compared to that without prelithiated materials, with a cycle life increase of over 50%. In terms of energy efficiency, the 7 Ah battery with prelithiated materials at 25 ℃ demonstrates an energy efficiency of 96.74% at 0.2 C, 94.80% at 0.5 C, and 92.67% at 1 C, surpassing the energy conversion efficiency of a 7 Ah battery without prelithiation materials. This research promotes the application of prelithiation technology and materials in long-cycle new energy storage LFP batteries. It provides an experimental basis and guidance for the design and development of long-life LFP batteries, thereby contributing to the advancement of energy storage systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the electrochemical performance failure mechanisms and thermal safety of lithium iron phosphate battery during storage conditions Honghui WANG, Jiaxin LI, Deren CHU, Yanyi LI, Ting XU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2025, 14 (5): 1797-1805.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.1061 Abstract （1473）   HTML （116）    PDF（pc） （2189KB）（2757）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium iron phosphate batteries have gained widespread application in energy storage owing to their long cycle life, high safety, and low cost, making them one of the mainstream electrochemical energy storage devices. However, research on the performance degradation and safety of LFP batteries during stationary storage remains limited and is not sufficiently comprehensive. This study focuses on commercial cylindrical LFP batteries, investigating the evolution of electrochemical performance and failure mechanisms under varying temperature gradients (from room temperature to 72 ℃ and different states of charge (SOCs ranging from 0 to 100%). A series of composite storage simulation experiments were conducted, employing various nondestructive analysis techniques and adiabatic acceleration calorimeters (ARCs). The experimental results have shown that the state of health (SOH) and thermal runaway characteristics of LFP batteries during storage are significantly affected by temperature and SOC. The capacity attenuation rate of LFP battery with 100% SOC at 72 ℃ is 22.1 times that at room temperature and 5.6 times that with 0 SOC. Higher temperatures and higher SOC levels accelerate capacity fading, mainly owing to the loss of active lithium ions and active materials within the battery. Conversely, the thermal safety of LFP batteries during storage has been improved, which may be attributed to the reduced energy within the battery system caused by the depletion of active materials. Finally, a semi-empirical prediction model of LFP battery capacity decay is constructed based on the characteristic peak strength using the incremental capacity (IC) method. This study provides valuable technical guidance for the operation, maintenance, and safety measures required for LFP batteries in future large-scale energy storage applications. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress of hydrogen storage materials based on physical adsorption Mingrui LIU, Kai DING, Wei WANG, Jin SUN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (6): 1804-1814.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0029 Abstract （1290）   HTML （84）    PDF（pc） （4004KB）（2702）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrogen energy is a sustainable secondary clean energy. In large-scale applications, hydrogen storage and transportation technology are the key factors restricting the development of the hydrogen energy industry chain. Physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology is one of the important ways to safely apply hydrogen in the future. However, it still needs to overcome the technical problems of low hydrogen storage capacity and low absorption temperature. Focusing the research on physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology, the development history and research progress of carbon-based materials, such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, and carbon aerogel, organic framework materials such as metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) and covalent organic framework materials (COFs), and hydrates such as hydrogen storage materials were summarized, and the research achievements and technical means of various materials in improving hydrogen storage capacity were introduced. Simultaneously, the hydrogen storage principle of the abovementioned physical adsorption hydrogen storage materials and their technical characteristics in hydrogen storage, transportation, and utilization were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen storage materials based on different physical adsorption mechanisms were compared to provide a further application analysis basis for the application of hydrogen storage and transportation technology. Finally, the breakthrough and development direction of physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology were proposed according to the future development trend of solid hydrogen storage and the current technical limitations. Although the physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology has obvious technical limitations, it is still a necessary branch in the hydrogen storage field to combine with other hydrogen storage technologies to form a composite hydrogen storage system, which still has a good synergistic effect, helping to enhance the hydrogen storage efficiency and improve the dynamics and thermodynamic performance of hydrogen absorption and desorption processes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）