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Mechanisms of gas evolution and suppressing strategies based on the electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries Chong XU, Ning XU, Zhimin JIANG, Zhongkai LI, Yang HU, Hong YAN, Guoqiang MA Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2119-2133.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0212 Abstract （683）   HTML （139）    PDF（pc） （13368KB）（911）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid development of portable devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage power stations has led to the increasing need of optimizing the cost, cycling life, charging time, and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Gas generation during cycling and storage causes volume expansion and electrode/separator dislocation, which can increase electrochemical polarization and lead to decreased battery lifespan or safety hazards. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms with respect to the primary gases that evolve in LIBs, including oxygen, hydrogen, alkenes, alkanes, and carbon oxide, and describe the effect of operating temperature, voltage window, and electrode materials on gas generation. We also describe the relationship between this gas generation and LIB performance. We further propose several electrolyte-based strategies that focus on increasing the stability of the electrolyte and electrode/electrolyte interface. Specifically, the electrolyte stability is increased by employing functional additives to scavenge trace water, hydrofluoric acid, and active oxygen species, reducing the proportion of cyclic carbonates, and by using fluorinated solvents in the electrolyte. The adoption of film-forming additives can effectively improve the stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface, suppressing gas generation. In addition, we discuss the challenges and urgent issues related to gas generation in LIBs and provide unique perspectives on the intrinsic mechanism for developing increasingly efficient gas-suppression methods. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of multilevel failure mechanism and analysis technology of energy storage lithium-ion batteries Yi WANG, Xuebing CHEN, Yuanxi WANG, Jieyun ZHENG, Xiaosong LIU, Hong LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2079-2094.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0295 Abstract （619）   HTML （214）    PDF（pc） （10041KB）（882）       Knowledge map    Save The electrochemical and safety performance of lithium-ion batteries is closely related to the characteristics of their materials, electrodes, and cell levels. Revealing the multilevel failure mechanism of energy storage lithium-ion batteries can guide their design optimization and use control. Therefore, this study considers the widely used lithium-iron phosphate energy storage battery as an example to review common failure forms, failure mechanisms, and characterization analysis techniques from the perspectives of materials, electrodes, and cells. Multilevel failure in this article includes the structure, composition, and interface failure of anode and cathode materials; the failure of electrolytes and separators; the failure of lithium plating, porosity, exfoliation, and nonuniform polarization of electrodes; and the gas production and thermal runaway of cells. Finally, the future energy storage failure analysis technology is presented, including the application of advanced characterization technology and standardized failure analysis process to contribute to promoting the development of failure analysis technology for energy storage lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of research on immersion cooling technology for lithium-ion batteries Shaohong ZENG, Weixiong WU, Jizhen LIU, Shuangfeng WANG, Shifeng YE, Zhenyu FENG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (9): 2888-2903.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0269 Abstract （817）   HTML （90）    PDF（pc） （14824KB）（668）       Knowledge map    Save The thermal management system of batteries is of great significance to the safe and efficient operation of lithium batteries. Compared with traditional thermal management technology, immersion cooling technology has obvious advantages in controlling temperature and energy efficiency. With the rapid development of electric vehicles and energy storage power stations, research on immersion cooling systems has gained increasing attention. This paper first systematically summarizes the five commonly used dielectric fluids, including electronic fluorinated fluids, hydrocarbons, esters, silicone oils, and water-based fluids, from thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, safety, environmental protection, and economy perspectives. Then, according to the battery system's operating temperature characteristics, the research progress of immersion cooling in low-temperature preheating, room temperature cooling, and thermal runaway suppression is reviewed in detail. There is still a lack of research on low-temperature preheating. Ambient temperature cooling can be achieved through single-phase liquid cooling or gas-liquid phase change cooling. Dielectric fluids with high flash points may be crucial in suppressing thermal runaway during the battery system failure. Finally, the current progress of this field is introduced, and the future development direction of dielectric fluids for lithium-ion battery immersion systems is proposed. Among them, electronic fluorinated fluids and synthetic hydrocarbons are relatively mature, esters and silicone oils are less studied, and water-based fluids urgently need to solve the electrical insulation problem. This paper can provide a reference for designing an immersion cooling system for electrochemical energy storage systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage Jin LI, Qingsong WANG, Depeng KONG, Xiaodong WANG, Zhenhua YU, Yanfei LE, Xinyan HUANG, Zhenkai HU, Houfu WU, Huabin FANG, Caowei, Shaoyu ZHANG, Ping ZHUO, Ye CHEN, Ziting LI, Wenxin MEI, Yue ZHANG, Lixiang ZHAO, Liang TANG, Zonghou HUANG, Chi CHEN, Yanhu LIU, Yuxi CHU, Xiaoyuan XU, Jin ZHANG, Yikai LI, Rong FENG, Biao YANG, Bo HU, Xiaoying YANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2282-2301.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0252 Abstract （651）   HTML （142）    PDF（pc） （5701KB）（590）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, research progress on safety assessment technologies of lithium-ion battery energy storage is reviewed. The status of standards related to the safety assessment of lithium-ion battery energy storage is elucidated, and research progress on safety assessment theories of lithium-ion battery energy storage is summarized in terms of battery intrinsic safety, energy storage failure and accident statistics, thermal runaway mechanism, and fire spread mechanism. Numerical simulations and safety assessment technologies from lithium-ion battery cells to energy storage systems are analyzed, and the current situation of the safety assessment technology of energy storage power stations is introduced. The results indicate that, with the continuous iteration of battery technology and the continuous upgrading of energy storage system structures, the safety assessment of energy storage becomes more and more complex; thus, existing assessment techniques and standards must be further improved. In the future, safety assessment indexes must be adjusted and updated according to the development of energy storage battery intrinsic safety and electrical and fire safety technologies. By combining the progress of simulation and experimental means, safety index thresholds are clarified, as well as the evolution of safety performance accompanying capacity decay and aging after the energy storage system is put into operation. This study aims to build a safety performance level assessment system covering multiple systems, scenarios, and elements; integrate dynamic and static indicators; and develop a safety performance rating assessment technology for energy storage systems that covers "cell-module-unit-system-power plant" layers. Finally, we aim to develop an internationally applicable safety performance assessment standard for energy storage systems and provide Chinese solutions for global energy storage safety. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Long life lithium iron phosphate battery and its materials and process Guiping ZHANG, Xiaoyan YAN, Bing WANG, Peixin YAO, Changjie HU, Yizhe LIU, Shuli LI, Jianjun XUE Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2134-2140.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0381 Abstract （577）   HTML （136）    PDF（pc） （1606KB）（565）       Knowledge map    Save This study focuses on harnessing the advantages of prelithiation technology and prelithiation materials, also known as lithium supplements or prelithiation additives, by incorporating them into the positive electrode of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Two battery prototypes were developed: A 51-Ah square aluminum-shell full battery with LFP and a 7-Ah soft-pack full battery. The cycle life of these batteries was tested and studied. Based on experience, the characteristics and impact on the battery life of main materials such as positive and negative electrodes (such as LFP, graphite, electrolyte ratio, current collector, and separator), auxiliary materials (positive and negative electrode adhesives, conductive agents, etc.), and prelithiation materials were analyzed. The lithium replenishment mechanism and lithium replenishment capacity of several prelithiation materials that have already been industrialized were analyzed through chemical reaction equations. Experimental results show that the cycle life of a 7 Ah battery with prelithiated materials reaches 9000 cycles, while a 7 Ah battery without prelithiated materials achieved 5300 cycles. The 7 Ah battery with prelithiated materials exhibits substantially better cycle performance compared to that without prelithiated materials, with a cycle life increase of over 50%. In terms of energy efficiency, the 7 Ah battery with prelithiated materials at 25 ℃ demonstrates an energy efficiency of 96.74% at 0.2 C, 94.80% at 0.5 C, and 92.67% at 1 C, surpassing the energy conversion efficiency of a 7 Ah battery without prelithiation materials. This research promotes the application of prelithiation technology and materials in long-cycle new energy storage LFP batteries. It provides an experimental basis and guidance for the design and development of long-life LFP batteries, thereby contributing to the advancement of energy storage systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on fast-charging lithium-ion batteries Qixin GAO, Jingteng ZHAO, Guoxing LI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2166-2184.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0287 Abstract （390）   HTML （153）    PDF（pc） （12552KB）（549）       Knowledge map    Save Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy density have attracted considerable research attention as a power source for electric vehicles. However, charging at high rates causes the attenuation of battery capacity and power over time owing to lithium plating, mechanical degradation, and thermal effects. Reasonable design of electrode materials and electrolytes that facilitate the rapid transport of lithium ions is crucial for solving these issues. This paper reviews the current state of development related to the fast-charging technology with respect to LIBs. First, the physical and chemical basis of fast-charging LIBs is presented, which provides theoretical guidelines for achieving excellent fast-charging performance in LIBs. Second, the performance degradation mechanism of LIBs charged at high rates is introduced. Finally, the research strategies for achieving good fast-charging performance in high-energy-density LIBs are summarized from the perspectives of electrode materials and electrolytes. This paper provides guidance for designing fast-charging LIBs with excellent rate performance based on the systematic understanding and analysis of the latest advances. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design of high-energy-density LiFePO4 cathode materials Miao LI, Yongli YU, Jianyang WU, Min LEI, Henghui ZHOU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2045-2058.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0248 Abstract （378）   HTML （173）    PDF（pc） （6993KB）（468）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) is one of the most widely used cathode materials in lithium-ion-based electric vehicles and energy storage batteries. To meet the market demand for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries, high-energy-density LiFePO4 products must be developed. According to the definition, energy density depends on the following three aspects: the voltage plateau, powder compacted density, and mass specific capacity. Based on electrochemistry and materials science, increasing the powder compacted density and mass specific capacity is a promising modification direction; however, voltage plateau is an intrinsic characteristic of LiFePO4. Based on technical experience, market research reports, and previous research, the choice of raw materials, the modification of the sintering process, and particle gradation are the best modification methods for increasing powder compacted density. In the iron phosphate route, impurities are the primary issue in sintering processes; thus, different procedures for particle gradation are proposed. Considering mass specific capacity, the following strategies are proposed based on the intrinsic characteristics of LiFePO4: nanosizing, carbon coating, elemental doping, defect control, and crystallographic preferred orientation. Moreover, nanosizing, carbon coating, and elemental doping are the most effective modification methods for increasing mass specific capacity. Usually, nanosizing and carbon coating are combined for increasing electronic conductivity, whereas elemental doping is mostly used for increasing Li-ion diffusion coefficient and preferred orientation. These modification methods are used in LiFePO4 products available in the market and are confirmed by domestic battery factories. However, the energy density of LiFePO4 has not yet been maximized; hence, additional methods for modifying the material properties and production processes need to be developed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and application of electrochemical models for lithium-ion batteries Wenda ZAN, Rui ZHANG, Fei DING Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2302-2318.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0296 Abstract （286）   HTML （80）    PDF（pc） （12028KB）（452）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are complex systems containing multiscale and multiphysical fields. Electrochemical simulations can describe the chemical and physical processes in batteries, providing theoretical support for the optimization of battery systems and their design to reduce the time and costs related to battery development. This article summarizes electrochemical models and their derived models, including single-particle, pseudo-two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and mesoscale models. This study also introduces several parameter acquisition methods. Additionally, the applications of electrochemical models in internal temperature and stress analysis, aging simulation, and microstructure design of lithium-ion batteries are summarized. Based on electrochemical models, the distributions of lithium ions, potential, and reaction rate in battery electrolyte and electrodes are studied. Furthermore, an electrochemical model coupled with multiphysical fields is introduced to simulate the temperature and stress distributions in cells and predict the degradation of cells during cycling. The effects of microstructure and various parameters on battery performance are investigated using the microcosmic electrochemical model to guide electrode structure design. In summary, electrochemical models have great advantages for analyzing the internal mechanisms of batteries. Finally, directions for future research on electrochemical models for lithium-ion batteries are suggested. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Solid electrolyte interphase （SEI） on graphite anode correlated with thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries Jiayi ZHANG, Suting WENG, Zhaoxiang WANG, Xuefeng WANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2105-2118.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0253 Abstract （363）   HTML （111）    PDF（pc） （12794KB）（446）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), safety has become an increasingly prominent and urgent problem. As one of the important cases causing LIBs accidents, thermal runaway is closely related to the thermal stability of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the graphite anode. Therefore, the properties of SEI must be deeply understood and accurately controlled to improve the safety of LIBs. Herein, the composition, structure, and formation principle of SEI are briefly introduced, and its key role in the processes of thermal runaway is emphasized. Second, the unsafe factors related to SEI and the mechanisms in the process of thermal runaway are discussed. We analyze the decomposition of SEI, the pyrolysis of lithiated graphite, the release of combustible gas, lithium plating, and the influence of transition metals on SEI. Our results indicate that the thermal stability and Li+ conductivity of SEI must be improved at the same time to effectively enhance the safety of LIBs. According to the decisive relationship between the structure and composition, properties, and properties of materials, researchers have conducted extensive research on the modification of SEI. The characteristics of SEI can be tuned by adjusting its electrolyte composition or introducing additives into the negative electrode to regulate the SEI insitu and constructing an artificial SEI with inorganic or organic components. Finally, we present the future research and regulation direction of SEI, which provides a theoretical basis and experimental guidance for improving the safety of LIBs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reviews of selected 100 recent papers for lithium batteries （Apr. 1， 2023 to May 31， 2023） Ronghan QIAO, Jing ZHU, Xiaoyu SHEN, Guanjun CEN, Junfeng HAO, Hongxiang JI, Mengyu TIAN, Zhou JIN, Yuanjie ZHAN, Yida WU, Yong YAN, Liubin BEN, Hailong YU, Yanyan LIU, Xuejie HUANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2333-2348.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0425 Abstract （299）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （997KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save This bimonthly review paper highlights a comprehensive overview of the latest research on lithium batteries. A total of 3612 online studies from April 1, 2023, to May 31, 2023, were examined through the Web of Science database, and 100 studies were selected for highlighting in this review. The selected studies cover various aspects of lithium batteries, focusing on cathode materials such as LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 and LiCoO2. Investigations into the effects of doping and interface modifications on their electrochemical performances and structural evolution during prolonged cycling are discussed. For alloying mechanisms in anode materials, such as silicon-based composite materials, many researchers emphasize material preparation, optimization of electrode structures to buffer volume changes, and the application of functional binders and interface modification. Great efforts have been devoted to designing three-dimensional electrode structures, interface modifications, and controlling the inhomogeneous plating of lithium metal anode. Studies on solid-state electrolytes focus on the structure design and performances in sulfide-based, chloride-based, and polymer-based solid-state electrolytes and their composites. In contrast, liquid electrolytes are improved through optimal solvent and lithium salt design for different battery applications and incorporating novel functional additives. For solid-state batteries, studies mainly investigate the compatibility of layered oxide cathode materials with sulfide-based and oxide-based solid-state electrolytes. To address the challenges in Li-S batteries, composite sulfur cathode with high ion/electron conductive matrix and functional binders are explored to suppress the "shuttle effect" and activate sulfur. Additionally, this review presents work related to dry electrode coating technology, characterization techniques of lithium-ion transport in the cathode, lithium deposition, and theoretical calculations to understand electrolyte viscosity and the solid-state electrolyte/cathode interface. This review provides valuable insights into the advancements in lithium batteries, contributing to the overall understanding and progress in the field. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of hydrogen storage materials based on physical adsorption Mingrui LIU, Kai DING, Wei WANG, Jin SUN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (6): 1804-1814.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0029 Abstract （399）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （4004KB）（407）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrogen energy is a sustainable secondary clean energy. In large-scale applications, hydrogen storage and transportation technology are the key factors restricting the development of the hydrogen energy industry chain. Physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology is one of the important ways to safely apply hydrogen in the future. However, it still needs to overcome the technical problems of low hydrogen storage capacity and low absorption temperature. Focusing the research on physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology, the development history and research progress of carbon-based materials, such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous carbon, and carbon aerogel, organic framework materials such as metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) and covalent organic framework materials (COFs), and hydrates such as hydrogen storage materials were summarized, and the research achievements and technical means of various materials in improving hydrogen storage capacity were introduced. Simultaneously, the hydrogen storage principle of the abovementioned physical adsorption hydrogen storage materials and their technical characteristics in hydrogen storage, transportation, and utilization were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen storage materials based on different physical adsorption mechanisms were compared to provide a further application analysis basis for the application of hydrogen storage and transportation technology. Finally, the breakthrough and development direction of physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology were proposed according to the future development trend of solid hydrogen storage and the current technical limitations. Although the physical adsorption hydrogen storage technology has obvious technical limitations, it is still a necessary branch in the hydrogen storage field to combine with other hydrogen storage technologies to form a composite hydrogen storage system, which still has a good synergistic effect, helping to enhance the hydrogen storage efficiency and improve the dynamics and thermodynamic performance of hydrogen absorption and desorption processes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reviews of selected 100 recent papers for lithium batteries （Aug. 1， 2023 to Sep. 30， 2023） Junfeng HAO, Jing ZHU, Xinxin ZHANG, Qiangfu SUN, Xiaoyu SHEN, Guanjun CEN, Ronghan QIAO, Mengyu TIAN, Zhou JIN, Yuanjie ZHAN, Yida WU, Yong YAN, Liubin BEN, Hailong YU, Yanyan LIU, Xuejie HUANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (11): 3556-3571.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0732 Abstract （283）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （1055KB）（393）       Knowledge map    Save This bimonthly review paper highlights 100 recent published papers on lithium batteries. We searched the Web of Science and found 4706 papers online from Aug. 1, 2023 to Sep. 30, 2023. 100 of them were selected to be highlighted. Spinel oxides and High-nickel ternary layered oxides as cathode materials are still under extensive investigations of the effects of doping and interface modifications on their electrochemical performances and surface and bulk evolution of structures under prolong cycling. For alloying mechanism anode materials, such as silicon-based composite materials, many researchers pay attention to material preparations and the optimization of electrode structure to buffer volume changes, and emphasize on the application of functional binders and modification of the interface. Large efforts were devoted to design the three-dimensional structure electrode, interface modification and inhomogeneity plating of lithium metal anode. The researches of solid-state electrolytes are mainly focused on their structure design and performances in sulfide based-, chloride based-, oxide based-solid-state electrolytes and their composites, whereas liquid electrolytes are improved by the optimal design of solvents and lithium salts for different battery applications and novel functional additives. For solid-state batteries, the studies are mainly focused on the suitability of layered oxide cathode materials with sulfide based- and oxide based-solid-state electrolytes. To suppress the "shuttle effect" and activate sulfur of Li-S battery, composite sulfur cathode with high ion/electron conductive matrix and functional binders are studied. Other relevant works are also presented to the dry electrode coating technology. There are a few papers for the characterization techniques of lithium-ion transport in the cathode and lithium deposition. Furthermore, theoretical calculations are done to understand the viscosity of electrolyte. The interface solid state electrolyte/cathode are also widely studied. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overview of SOC estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries based on model Birong TAN, Jianhua DU, Xianghu YE, Xin CAO, Chang QU Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (6): 1995-2010.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0016 Abstract （395）   HTML （64）    PDF（pc） （2475KB）（391）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in electric energy storage and new vehicles due to their high energy density and long cycle life. Accurate estimation of the battery's state of charge(SOC) is crucial for improving its service life and utilization efficiency. However, lithium batteries are a highly complex, time-varying, and nonlinear electrochemical system. Thus, an online SOC estimation method with high accuracy is vital for the practical application of lithium batteries. In recent years, model-based SOC estimation methods have gained widespread attention and research because of their closed-loop control and ease of implementation. This paper reviews model-based SOC estimation methods from the aspects of model classification, model parameter identification algorithm, SOC estimation algorithms, and factors influencing SOC estimation. First, various common lithium-ion battery models are summarized, primarily focusing on introducing and comparing common electrochemical and equivalent circuit models. Then, the model establishment methods and SOC state estimation algorithms are examined and compared; various model parameter identification methods and SOC estimation calculation methods are introduced and contrasted. After that, the influencing factors and solutions of the model-based SOC estimation method are analyzed and summarized, mainly addressing the impact of temperature, aging, and battery pack factors on battery SOC estimation. Finally, potential future research directions are discussed and explored. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of gas-sensing technologies for the monitoring and early warning of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries Zejie TAN, Xiaoyan ZHOU, Zhenheng XU, Xiaopeng FAN, Bing TIAN, Zhiming WANG, Qiutong LI, Jialong FU, Zhiyong LI, Xin GUO Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (11): 3456-3470.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0386 Abstract （413）   HTML （78）    PDF（pc） （5887KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save With the advantages of high energy and power densities, Li-ion batteries (LiBs) are widely used to power an increasingly diverse range of applications, including portable electrochemical energy-storage devices, electric vehicles, and large energy-storage power plants. In addition, they are considered the most competitive power sources for future green smart grids. With the increasing demand for energy sources and storage devices, LiBs with high energy density are continuously being pursued. However, high energy densities could result in high safety risks. The conventional organic liquid electrolyte components and olefin-based separators used in existing LiBs are flammable. In addition, nonuniform distribution of components, inhomogeneous interfacial contacts, and electrical, thermal, or mechanical abuses in the battery operating process can cause internal short circuit, thus releasing large amounts of Joules heat, resulting in a rapid temperature rise and thermal runaway propagation, thus triggering toxic gas release, smoke, fire, combustion or even explosion. To improve the safety and cycling lifetime of LiBs, the mechanism and process of thermal runaway must be understood. In addition, detection and warning technologies must be developed for the early-stages warning of the battery thermal runaway. Compared with technologies on monitoring the terminal voltage, current, and surface temperature, the gas-sensing approach can effectively detect the thermal runaway at a very early stage. During the thermal runaway process, LiBs produce characteristic gases, such as O2, H2, carbon oxides (CO, CO2), hydrocarbons (C2H4, CH4, etc.), and fluorine gases (HF, POF3, etc.), through chemical or electrochemical reactions. As such, the thermal runaway behavior of LiBs could be monitored and early warnings can be issued by detecting the composition and concentration of the released characteristic gases. This review comprehensively presents the research progress and prospects of gas-sensing techniques for the thermal runaway of LiBs. First, the paper summarizes the main causes and processes of the thermal runaway of LiBs. Next, the characteristic gas generation and corresponding detecting techniques are described. Then, this paper elaborates on the research progress on the gas detecting and sensing technologies for the early warning of the thermal runaway. Furthermore, gas-sensing technologies for the early warning in the thermal runaway in LiBs are proposed. This review provides guidance for the gas sensing technologies to achieve an early warning system of the thermal runaway in LiBs. Moreover, the findings of this study show the development of LiBs with high safety and high energy density. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of new fluorinated compounds in lithium-ion battery electrolytes Xinlan WANG, Ziqi ZENG, Han ZHANG, Sheng LEI, Jia XIE Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (10): 3075-3086.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0401 Abstract （328）   HTML （108）    PDF（pc） （2042KB）（358）       Knowledge map    Save The proliferation of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the pressing need for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with enhanced energy density and safety. The utilization of wide-electrochemical window electrolytes with non-combustible properties is crucial in achieving the desired battery characteristics. However, conventional carbonate electrolytes suffer from a narrow electrochemical window and easy combustion, consequently limiting the development of high-energy density and -safety batteries. Incorporating fluorinated compounds into electrolytes can improve the film formation, oxidation stability, and combustibility of electrolytes and effectively enhance the overall battery performance. This review paper provides an overview of the recent advancements in the utilization of new fluorinated compounds as lithium salts and solvents in LIB electrolytes. First, the properties of three new fluorinated lithium salts are presented in terms of thermal and electrochemical stabilities, film formation, and passivation ability for aluminum collectors. Next, the physicochemical properties of carbonate, carboxylic acid esters, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons, and other solvents before and after fluoridation are compared along with the improvements in the ionic conductivity, interfacial formation ability, oxidation resistance, wide temperature performance, and flammability of electrolytes. Focusing on the application of some new fluorocarbonates, fluorinated ethers, and fluorinated aromatic hydrocarbon solvents to LIB electrolytes, we then finally summarize the scientific challenges and the limitations associated with the development and application of fluorine-containing compounds, providing an outlook on their future prospects in LIB electrolyte systems. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on impedance of lithium-ion batteries with lithium iron phosphate and graphite system under low temperature Meng LI, Yue WANG, Jingyi QIU, Yuehua WEN, Zhenwei ZHU, Wenjie MENG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (11): 3538-3544.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0503 Abstract （254）   HTML （76）    PDF（pc） （3329KB）（325）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in military and civilian fields because of their advantages, such as high power density, high energy density, and long cycle life. However, the performance of lithium-ion batteries is significantly degraded at low temperatures, which hinders their application in extreme environments, such as polar regions, plateaus, and space. In this study, the discharge performance of the battery at different temperatures (-20～25 ℃) was studied using a soft-packed three-electrode device. Along with being combined with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the discharge behavior and impedance characteristics of the positive and negative electrodes of the battery were independently studied under low-temperature conditions. The main limiting factors restricting the low-temperature performance of the battery were analyzed, and strategies for further improving the low-temperature performance of the battery were provided. Studies have shown that the charge-transfer impedance of the negative electrode is the primary source of the impedance of the entire battery, and its electrode polarization is the leading cause of battery polarization. However, with a decrease in temperature, the contribution of the positive electrode polarization to the battery polarization increases. When the temperature drops below -10 ℃, the positive electrode becomes the main limiting factor for the low-temperature performance of the battery. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reviews of selected 100 recent papers for lithium batteries （Jun. 1， 2023 to Jul. 31， 2023） Guanjun CEN, Ronghan QIAO, Xiaoyu SHEN, Jing ZHU, Junfeng HAO, Qiangfu SUN, Xinxin ZHANG, Mengyu TIAN, Zhou JIN, Yuanjie ZHAN, Yida WU, Yong YAN, Liubin BEN, Hailong YU, Yanyan LIU, Xuejie HUANG Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (9): 3003-3018.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0562 Abstract （263）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （912KB）（315）       Knowledge map    Save This bimonthly review paper highlights a comprehensive overview of the latest research on lithium batteries. A total of 4463 online studies from June 1, 2023, to July 31, 2023, were examined through the Web of Science database, and 100 studies were selected for highlighting in this review. The selected studies cover various aspects of lithium batteries, focusing on cathode materials including Li-rich oxides, LiNiO2, LiCoO2, and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Investigations into the effects of doping, interface modifications and preparation of precursors on their electrochemical performances and structural evolution during prolonged cycling are discussed. The methods for improving the cycling performances of Si-based anode focus on the interface modification. Great efforts have been devoted to construction of artificial interface, and controlling the inhomogeneous plating of lithium metal anode. Studies on solid-state electrolytes focus on the structure design and performances in sulfide-based, chloride-based, and polymer-based solid-state electrolytes and their composites. In contrast, liquid electrolytes are improved through optimal solvent and lithium salt design for different battery applications and incorporating novel functional additives. For solid-state batteries, the design of composite cathode, inhibition of Li dendrite and side reactions, and preparation of electrolyte film are studied. The works for lithium-sulfur batteries are mainly focused on the activation of sulfur and to suppress the "shuttle effect". In addition, this review presents work related to dry electrode coating technology, and the characterization techniques for lithium deposition, silicon evolution and lithium-ion transport in the cathode. Theoretical simulations are directed to the stress and conductivity distribution of composite cathode and lithium deposition. This review provides valuable insights into the advancements in lithium batteries, contributing to the overall understanding and progress in the field. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on thermal runaway mitigation and heat transfer characteristics of ternary lithium-ion batteries Xijiang SHEN, Qiangling DUAN, Peng QIN, Qingsong WANG, Jinhua SUN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (6): 1862-1871.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0043 Abstract （270）   HTML （85）    PDF（pc） （11995KB）（313）       Knowledge map    Save It is required to exert thermal mitigation measures on batteries to delay the thermal runaway (TR) process and prevent fire and explosion accidents in lithium-ion battery packs, caused by TR propagation. Therefore, this study selected the 40 Ah square ternary lithium battery packs as the experimental object, in which the influence of inserting different heat mitigation plates between batteries on TR propagation and heat transfer characteristics was experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the TR behavior and heat transfer rates of the batteries were severe and rapid, without any plates. The temperature of the left side of the downstream battery reached 364.89 ℃ after triggering the TR of the upstream battery for 30 s. The average interval time of TR propagation between adjacent batteries was 99.33 s. After inserting 6 mm thick cotton plates and 3 mm thick aerogel plates as mitigation interlayers, the average interval time was extended to 644.33 s and 1282.33 s, respectively. The TR process was entirely suppressed by inserting the 6 mm thick aerogel plates. Considering the battery pack's thermal mitigation performance and energy density, a 3 mm thick aerogel plate a suitable thermal mitigation material for this study. The calculation model of heat transfer in the TR process was established. The analysis showed that 81.7% of the TR-inducing heat came from upstream batteries where TR happened, whereas only 18.3% of the heat came from self-generation. The results of this study can provide theoretical guidance for the safe design of lithium-ion battery modules and the selection of TR mitigation materials. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of resource recovery of retired ternary lithium-ion battery cathode materials Danyang ZHAO, Xiang ZHANG, Fan XU, Yanwei SUI Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (10): 3087-3098.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0517 Abstract （238）   HTML （86）    PDF（pc） （3781KB）（305）       Knowledge map    Save Achieving effective recovery and reuse of valuable metal components in the cathode materials of used ternary lithium-ion batteries can promote the stable development of electrochemical energy storage and new energy vehicle business, and realise energy recycling and reuse. At present, the recycling of cathode materials for ternary lithium-ion batteries faces the key problems of lack of mature recycling process and imperfect reuse system. This paper reviews the research progress of resourceful recycling and reuse of cathode materials of used ternary lithium-ion batteries by exploring the recent related literature, and discusses the necessity of recycling of cathode materials of used ternary lithium-ion batteries from the perspectives of resources and environment. For the pretreatment methods of retired lithium-ion batteries, the discharge, disassembly and separation processes are highlighted; for the obtained used ternary cathode materials, the working principles, research status and advantages and disadvantages of the recovery processes such as pyrometallurgical smelting and wet leaching of valuable metals are focused on; for the regeneration strategies of ternary cathode materials, the effective methods of direct regeneration of cathode materials based on leach solution are highlighted, and the possible problems and challenges facing the recycling processes of used For the regeneration strategy of ternary cathode materials, it focuses on the effective method of direct regeneration of cathode materials based on leaching solution, and looks forward to the possible problems and challenges in the future recycling process of waste used ternary lithium-ion battery. The comprehensive analyses show that suitable pretreatment, recovery and regeneration strategies provide important reference value for the green, efficient and low-cost reuse of valuable metals in used ternary lithium-ion batteries. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental and simulation research on liquid-cooling system of lithium-ion battery packs Shuqin LIU, Xiaoyan WANG, Zhendong ZHANG, Zhenxia DUAN Energy Storage Science and Technology    2023, 12 (7): 2155-2165.   DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0152 Abstract （267）   HTML （73）    PDF（pc） （9116KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save This study aims to design a new liquid-cooling heat management system for lithium-ion battery packs. We have established a special experimental platform and a liquid-cooling system model coupled with an EV dynamic model to determine the optimal matching parameters for the components and the operational control strategies of the system. The results indicate that the deviation between experiment and simulation is within 3.0% under normal conditions. A higher flow rate and lower inlet temperature results in a lower battery temperature, while delaying the cooling intervention can reduce power consumption by around 20%. To further reduce the power consumption to 2750 W and maintain a battery temperature of 30.83 ℃ during normal 1.0 C discharge, we conducted a multiobjective optimization using the response surface method combined with genetic algorithm Ⅱ. Additionally, this optimization demonstrates a well-balanced solution between battery temperature and power consumption during the drive cycle. By combining the results of the experiment and simulation, this work provides valuable insights for designing an excellent liquid-cooling system for lithium-ion battery packs in electric vehicles. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics