储能科学与技术 ›› 2022, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (1): 193-200.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2021.0314

• 储能测试与评价 • 上一篇    下一篇

高镍三元锂离子电池火灾及气体爆炸危险性实验

郭志慧(), 崔潇丹, 赵林双(), 陈佳炜   

  1. 北京理工大学机电学院，北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-05 修回日期:2021-07-15 出版日期:2022-01-05 发布日期:2022-01-10
  • 通讯作者: 赵林双 E-mail:guozhihuiBIT@126.com;zhaolinshuang@bit.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:郭志慧（1997—），女，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为锂离子电池火灾爆炸安全，E-mail：guozhihuiBIT@126.com|赵林双，博士，高级实验师（副教授），主要研究方向为锂离子电池安全及火灾防控，E-mail：zhaolinshuang@bit.edu.cn。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFB0104000)

Fire and gas explosion hazards of high-nickel lithium-ion battery

Zhihui GUO(), Xiaodan CUI, Linshuang ZHAO(), Jiawei CHEN   

  1. School of Mechatronical, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2021-07-05 Revised:2021-07-15 Online:2022-01-05 Published:2022-01-10
  • Contact: Linshuang ZHAO E-mail:guozhihuiBIT@126.com;zhaolinshuang@bit.edu.cn

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摘要：

高镍三元锂离子电池在电动车领域发展势头迅猛，但因为其能量密度高，在加热、过充、撞击等滥用条件下比其他已有电池更易发生严重的火灾爆炸事故，其推广应用需要进行更为严格的安全测试，本文针对NCM811锂电池进行了加热下的热失控实验，并设计了锂电池热失控气体收集装置，且对收集的电池气体进行配气完成了爆炸极限测试实验，得到0%、50%、90% SOC下锂电池热失控火灾特征和热失控后气体爆炸危险性参数。结果表明，NCM811电池的火灾爆炸危险性随SOC的增大而增大，90% SOC产气量达124.21 mol，火焰温度达650 ℃，1 L容器中超压达512 kPa，爆炸极限为7%～38%，极易引发周围电池的燃烧爆炸，相关安全措施建议被采用。

关键词: 高镍三元锂离子电池, 热失控, 气体爆炸危险性

Abstract:

High-nickel ternary lithium batteries for electric vehicles are being rapidly developed. However, under abuse conditions (e.g., heating, overcharging, and squeezing), they are more prone to serious fire and explosion accidents compared to other existing batteries because of their high energy density. Their promotion and application require more stringent safety tests. This study conducted a thermal runaway experiment to observe the fire process of an NCM811 battery at 0%, 50%, and 90% state of charge (SOC) and designed a lithium battery thermal runaway gas collection device to analyze the gas properties. The explosion properties of gas were also tested. The results show that the fire and explosion hazards of the NCM811 battery increase with the SOC increase. Accordingly, 90% of the SOC gas production reaches 124.21 mol; the flame temperature reaches 650 ℃; the overpressure in a 1 L container reaches 512 kPa; and the explosion limit is between 7% and 38%. The relevant safety measures that can prevent the thermal runaway of the surrounding batteries are recommended.

Key words: high-nickel ternary lithium-ion battery, thermal runaway, gas explosion hazard

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