电容型锂离子电池的球头压痕对其安全性研究

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0020

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电池受局部挤压是造成汽车碰撞引发热失控的主要原因之一。为揭示电容型锂离子电池在受到局部压痕时的失效机理，本工作以正极为镍钴锰酸锂@活性炭复合材料、负极为软碳/石墨复合材料体系的电容型18650锂离子电池进行球头压痕实验，探究电池失效过程及温度演变规律，并讨论SOC、压痕位置对电池安全的影响以及受损电池的安全隐患。结果表明，峰值载荷数据随着SOC的增大而逐渐减小，内短路变形量随SOC增大而逐渐降低；靠近电池正极一端受到损伤时更易引发热失控现象，且损伤的面积增加，温度也随之更高。当压痕深度达到临界值时，电池在径向出现层间屈曲弯折与裂纹、轴向极片出现破损现象，电池嵌锂脱锂能力大幅下降，自放电现象严重。本工作为电池的短路位置和易破坏区域提供有效参考，为电池包的安全性设计提供理论依据。

关键词: 全极耳, 电容型锂离子电池, 球头压痕, 热失控

Abstract:

Local mechanical compression is one of the major contributors to thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) during vehicle collisions. To investigate the failure mechanism of capacitive LiBs under localized indentation, ball-head indentation experiments were performed on 18650 capacitive LiBs. These batteries featured a positive electrode composed of Ni-Co-Mn oxide and activated carbon composite, and a negative electrode made of an extremely soft carbon/graphite composite. The failure process and temperature evolution behavior were analyzed. The effects of state of charge (SOC), indentation location, and secondary use on battery safety were systematically examined. The results show that the peak load decreases with increasing SOC, and the internal short-circuit deformation also diminishes as SOC increases. Damage near the positive terminal is more likely to induce thermal runaway, and elevated temperatures are observed as the damaged area expands. Once the indentation depth reaches a critical threshold, interlayer bending and radial cracking occur, axial electrode plates are damaged, the battery's lithium intercalation and deintercalation capability is considerably reduced, and severe self-discharge is observed. This study offers valuable insights into identifying short-circuit locations and vulnerable regions within the battery, providing a theoretical basis for improving the safety design of battery packs.

Key words: tabless, capacitive lithium-ion batteries, ball head indentation, thermal runaway

中图分类号:

TM 911

杨斌, 杨军, 徐浪, 温浩伟, 刘登锋, 阮殿波. 电容型锂离子电池的球头压痕对其安全性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(8): 3090-3099.

Bin YANG, Jun YANG, Lang XU, Haowei WEN, Dengfeng LIU, Dianbo RUAN. Ball-head indentation-induced safety evaluation of capacitive lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(8): 3090-3099.

图/表 9

表1

测试电池基本参数"

参数	18650型
尺寸/mm	Ø18 $×$ 65
材料体系	(LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂@AC)//(软碳/石墨)
额定容量/mAh	1500
工作电压范围/V	2.5~4.2
快速充电电流/A	12
功率密度/(kW/kg)	10.5
能量密度/(Wh/kg)	127
10C循环充放电寿命	20000次

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 30

[1]	LI J L, DU Z J, RUTHER R E, et al. Toward low-cost, high-energy density, and high-power density lithium-ion batteries[J]. JOM, 2017, 69(9): 1484-1496. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-017-2404-9.
[2]	LUO H L, XIA Y, ZHOU Q. Mechanical damage in a lithium-ion pouch cell under indentation loads[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2017, 357: 61-70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.101.
[3]	官亦标, 沈进冉, 李康乐, 等. 电容型锂离子电池研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2019, 8(5): 799-806. DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239. 2019.0150.
	GUAN Y B, SHEN J R, LI K L, et al. Research progress on capacitive lithium-ion battery[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2019, 8(5): 799-806. DOI: 10.12028/j.issn.2095-4239.2019.0150.
[4]	HUANG P F, LIU S T, MA J, et al. Comprehensive investigation on the durability and safety performances of lithium-ion batteries under slight mechanical deformation[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 66: 107450. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2023.107450.
[5]	SHEN R C, NIU S J, ZHU G B, et al. Mechanical behavior analysis of high power commercial lithium-ion batteries[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2023, 58: 315-322. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.10.017.
[6]	胡言庆, 杨斌, 王宇作, 等. 不同工况下功率型锂离子电池的热特性与仿真研究[J]. 电工电能新技术, 2023, 42(1): 21-28. DOI: 10. 12067/ATEEE2204052.
	HU Y Q, YANG B, WANG Y Z, et al. Thermal characteristics and simulation of power lithium-ion batteries under different operating conditions[J]. Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering and Energy, 2023, 42(1): 21-28. DOI: 10.12067/ATEEE2204052.
[7]	胡林, 田庆韬, 黄晶, 等. 电动汽车锂离子电池-超级电容混合储能系统能量分配与参数匹配研究综述[J]. 机械工程学报, 2022, 58(16): 224-237. DOI: 10.3901/JME.2022.16.224.
	HU L, TIAN Q T, HUANG J, et al. Review on energy distribution and parameter matching of lithium-ion battery-super capacitor hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(16): 224-237. DOI: 10.3901/JME.2022.16.224.
[8]	尹丽琼, 韦安定, 韦财金. 大数据下电动汽车动力电池故障诊断技术现状与发展趋势[J]. 时代汽车, 2023(13): 154-156.
	YIN L Q, WEI A D, WEI C J. Status quo and development trend of electric vehicle power battery fault diagnosis technology under big data[J]. Auto Time, 2023(13): 154-156.
[9]	李梦. 圆柱形动力锂离子电池在机械滥用下的安全及防护研究[D]. 太原: 太原理工大学, 2021. DOI: 10.27352/d.cnki.gylgu. 2021. 001046.
[10]	杜志明, 陈佳炜. 锂离子电池热失控危险性研究进展[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2021, 21(4): 1523-1532. DOI: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094. 2020.0201.
	DU Z M, CHEN J W. Research progress on the risks of the thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2021, 21(4): 1523-1532. DOI: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2020.0201.
[11]	赵思琦. 压缩/弯曲工况下温度对锂离子电池机械完整性影响研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2019. DOI: 10.27135/d.cnki.ghudu. 2019. 001871.
[12]	刘南南, 张新春, 董思捷, 等. 不同挤压载荷下方形锂离子电池的力学响应特性研究[J]. 应用力学学报, 2024, 41(4): 797-803.
	LIU N N, ZHANG X C, DONG S J, et al. Mechanical response of square lithium-ion battery under different compression loadings[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2024, 41(4): 797-803.
[13]	李杰, 张云龙, 袁博兴, 等. 圆柱形锂电池在局部压痕下的安全性实验研究[J]. 高压物理学报, 2024, 38(2): 163-174.
	LI J, ZHANG Y L, YUAN B X, et al. Experimental study on the safety performance of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under local indentation[J]. Chinese Journal of High Pressure Physics, 2024, 38(2): 163-174.
[14]	张宇, 周玉凤, 陈晓平. 方形锂电池压痕测试有限元分析[J]. 软件导刊, 2020, 19(7): 76-80.
	ZHANG Y, ZHOU Y F, CHEN X P. Finite element analysis of square lithium-ion battery indentation test[J]. Software Guide, 2020, 19(7): 76-80.
[15]	LIN H C, CHEN K C, CHEN C H. Electrochemical change induced by spherical indentation in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Batteries, 2022, 8(12): 268. DOI: 10.3390/batteries8120268.
[16]	BUCKWELL M, KIRCHNER-BURLES C, OWEN R E, et al. Failure and hazard characterisation of high-power lithium-ion cells via coupling accelerating rate calorimetry with in-line mass spectrometry, statistical and post-mortem analyses[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2023, 65: 107069. DOI: 10.1016/j.est. 2023. 107069.
[17]	FLEISCHHAMMER M, WALDMANN T, BISLE G, et al. Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 274: 432-439. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.135.
[18]	YANG J, WANG Y Z, HU Y Q, et al. Regulating charge heterogeneity of lithium-ion battery via tab design toward maximizing extreme fast-charging performance[J]. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 2023, 33(5): 660-667. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnsc.2023.11.011.
[19]	刘登锋, 杨军, 胡言庆, 等. 电动汽车用功率型锂离子电池的针刺安全特性研究[J]. 汽车技术, 2023(8): 14-21. DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki. 1000-3703.20220448.
	LIU D F, YANG J, HU Y Q, et al. Study on nail penetration safety characteristics of high-power lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles[J]. Automobile Technology, 2023(8): 14-21. DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220448.
[20]	DUH Y S, SUN Y J, LIN X, et al. Characterization on thermal runaway of commercial 18650 lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles: A review[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2021, 41: 102888. DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2021.102888.
[21]	JU Z N, ZHAO Q, CHAO D L, et al. Energetic aqueous batteries[J]. Advanced Energy Materials, 2022, 12(27): 2201074. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202201074.
[22]	苟思涛. 方形锂离子电池在机械滥用下的安全性研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2022. DOI: 10.26976/d.cnki.gchau.2022.001267.
	GOU S T. Study on the safety of prismatic lithium-ion battery under mechanical abuse[D]. Xi'an: Changan University, 2022. DOI: 10.26976/d.cnki.gchau.2022.001267.
[23]	KALNAUS S, WANG H, WATKINS T R, et al. Effect of packaging and cooling plates on mechanical response and failure characteristics of automotive Li-ion battery modules[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2018, 403: 20-26. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour. 2018. 09.071.
[24]	汤元会, 袁博兴, 李杰, 等. 圆柱形锂离子电池在针刺条件下的安全性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(4): 1326-1334. DOI: 10. 19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0654.
	TANG Y H, YUAN B X, LI J, et al. Study on the safety of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries under nail penetration conditions[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(4): 1326-1334. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2023.0654.
[25]	刘承鑫, 李梓衡, 陈泽宇, 等. 储能锂离子电池高温诱发热失控特性研究[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2024, 13(7): 2425-2431. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0121.
	LIU C X, LI Z H, CHEN Z Y, et al. Characterization study on overheat-induced thermal runaway for lithium-ion battery in energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2024, 13(7): 2425-2431. DOI: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239. 2024. 0121.
[26]	MADDIPATLA S, KONG L X, PECHT M. Safety analysis of lithium-ion cylindrical batteries using design and process failure mode and effect analysis[J]. Batteries, 2024, 10(3): 76. DOI: 10. 3390/batteries10030076.
[27]	ZHANG L P, LI X L, YANG M R, et al. High-safety separators for lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries: Advances and perspective[J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2021, 41: 522-545. DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.06.033.
[28]	RANA S, KUMAR R, BHARJ R S. Current trends, challenges, and prospects in material advances for improving the overall safety of lithium-ion battery pack[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 463: 142336. DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.142336.
[29]	VOYIADJIS G Z, AKBARI E, ŁUCZAK B, et al. Towards determining an engineering stress-strain curve and damage of the cylindrical lithium-ion battery using the cylindrical indentation test[J]. Batteries, 2023, 9(4): 233. DOI: 10.3390/batteries9040233.
[30]	XU J Y, MA J, ZHAO X, et al. Detection technology for battery safety in electric vehicles: A review[J]. Energies, 2020, 13(18): 4636. DOI: 10.3390/en13184636.