储能科学与技术

• 储能科学与技术 •    

160 Ah聚阴离子型钠离子电池热失控与产气特性研究

储玉喜1,2,3(), 马畅1,2,3, 陈红光1,2,3, 姜楠1,2,3, 卓萍1,2,3()   

  1. 1.应急管理部天津消防研究所，天津 300381
    2.电化学能源消防安全联合创新应急管理部重点实验室，北京，102000
    3.天津市消防安全技术重点实验室，天津 300381
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09 修回日期:2025-10-26
  • 通讯作者: 卓萍 E-mail:chuyuxi@tfri.com.cn;zhuoping@tfri.com.cn
  • 作者简介:储玉喜（1986-），男，博士，副研究员，主要从事锂离子电池安全领域相关研究，Email：chuyuxi@tfri.com.cn；
  • 基金资助:
    应急管理部天津消防研究所中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费项目(2024SJ21);应急管理部重点科技计划(2024EMST111107);天津市自然科学基金面上项目(24JCYBJC00070)

Thermal runaway and gas production characteristics of a 160 Ah polyanionic sodium-ion battery

Yuxi CHU1,2,3(), Chang MA1,2,3, Hongguang CHEN1,2,3, Nan JIANG1,2,3, Ping ZHUO1,2,3()   

  1. 1.Tianjin Fire Research Institute of Emergency Management Department, Tianjin 300381, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy and Fire Safety Joint Innovation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Beijing 102000, China
    3.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Fire Safety Technology, Tianjin 300381, China
  • Received:2025-09-09 Revised:2025-10-26
  • Contact: Ping ZHUO E-mail:chuyuxi@tfri.com.cn;zhuoping@tfri.com.cn

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摘要：

当前，商用大容量钠离子电池的正极材料体系主要分为层状氧化物与聚阴离子型两大类，其中绝大多数热失控安全研究集中于层状氧化物体系，对聚阴离子型钠离子电池的热安全特性研究仍较为缺乏。本文以160 Ah大容量聚阴离子型钠离子电池为研究对象，利用绝热加速量热仪与320 L密闭压力容器实验系统，探究了电池在绝热、外部加热及0.5C过充滥用条件下的热失控与产气特性。研究结果表明：在绝热条件下，电池自产热起始温度（Tonset）、热失控触发温度（Ttr）及最高温度（Tmax）分别为100.94 ℃、180.51 ℃和247.02 ℃，其热失控最高温度显著低于同类磷酸铁锂电池。外部加热触发热失控后，释放气体总量为93.1 L，主要成分为CO2(37.97%)、H2(31.25%)、CO(11.41%)和C3H6(9.38%)，电池质量损失率为20.12%。在过充条件下，电池在过充电量达标称容量29.94%时发生热失控，最高温度达272.04 ℃，产气总量为107.8 L，电池质量损失率为21.19%，其中H2(43.09%)、CO2(27.68%)为主要组分。本研究证实，聚阴离子型钠离子电池具有较低的热失控剧烈程度，但其产气中可燃组分比例依然较高，试验结果为大容量钠离子电池的安全设计与应用提供了重要实验依据。

关键词: 聚阴离子型钠离子电池, 热失控, 绝热环境, 电热滥用, 产气特性

Abstract:

Currently, the cathode material systems for commercial large-capacity sodium-ion batteries are mainly divided into two categories: layered oxides and polyanion-type. While the majority of thermal runaway safety research has focused on layered oxide systems, studies on the thermal safety characteristics of polyanion-type sodium-ion batteries remain relatively scarce. This paper investigates the thermal runaway and gas production characteristics of a 160 Ah large-capacity polyanion-type sodium-ion battery under adiabatic conditions, external heating, and 0.5 C overcharge abuse conditions, using an adiabatic accelerated calorimeter and a 320 L sealed pressure vessel experimental system. The research results indicate that under adiabatic conditions, the battery's self-heating onset temperature (Tonset), thermal runaway trigger temperature (Ttr), and maximum temperature (Tmax) are 100.94 ℃, 180.51 ℃, and 247.02 ℃, respectively. The maximum thermal runaway temperature is significantly lower than that of similar lithium iron phosphate batteries. After thermal runaway triggered by external heating, the total gas released is 93.1 L, primarily consisting of CO2 (37.97%), H2(31.25%), CO (11.41%), and C3H6 (9.38%), with a battery mass loss rate of 20.12%. Under overcharge conditions, thermal runaway occurs when the overcharge capacity reaches 29.94% of the nominal capacity, with a maximum temperature of 272.04 ℃ a total gas production of 107.8 L, and a battery mass loss rate of 21.19%. The main components of the released gas are H2 (43.09%) and CO2(27.68%). This study confirms that polyanion-type sodium-ion batteries exhibit a lower intensity of thermal runaway, but the proportion of flammable components in the released gas remains high. The experimental results provide important data for the safety design and application of large-capacity sodium-ion batteries.

Key words: Polyanionic sodium-ion battery, Thermal runaway, Adiabatic environment, Electro-thermal abuse, Gas-generating properties

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