复合相变材料用于锂离子电池热管理和热失控防护研究进展

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0137

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (3): 1040-1053.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2025.0137

复合相变材料用于锂离子电池热管理和热失控防护研究进展

张新宇¹(), 罗声豪¹, 吴颖欣¹, 刘针莹¹, 张立志¹, 凌子夜¹^,²()

^1.华南理工大学化学与化工学院，传热强化与过程节能教育部重点实验室，广东广州 510640
^2.广东省热能高效储存与利用工程技术研究中心，广东广州 510640

收稿日期:2025-02-20 修回日期:2025-03-06 出版日期:2025-03-28 发布日期:2025-04-28
通讯作者: 凌子夜 E-mail:2290652654@qq.com;zyling@scut.edu.cn
作者简介:张新宇（1998—），男，博士研究生，研究方向为相变电池热管理，E-mail：2290652654@qq.com；
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22278145)

Research progress of composite phase change materials for thermal management and thermal runaway protection of lithium-ion batteries

Xinyu ZHANG¹(), Shenghao LUO¹, Yingxin WU¹, Zhenying LIU¹, Lizhi ZHANG¹, Ziye LING¹^,²()

^1.Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, The Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
^2.Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Efficient Heat Storage and Application, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China

Received:2025-02-20 Revised:2025-03-06 Online:2025-03-28 Published:2025-04-28
Contact: Ziye LING E-mail:2290652654@qq.com;zyling@scut.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

锂离子电池的性能和安全性对温度变化高度敏感。在低温环境下，电池容量衰减和充电效率显著降低，而高温运行时则加速性能退化并可能导致热失控。复合相变材料因其高效的热储存和温度调控能力，为电池全温域热管理提供了创新解决方案。在电池冷却方面，高焓值、高导热和柔性复合相变材料通过相变吸热使热量均匀分散，显著改善电池组的温度均匀性；在低温应用场景中，导电复合相变材料利用电热转换机制实现快速自加热，缓解低温对电池性能的限制；针对热失控风险，阻燃水合盐复合相变材料结合相变吸热与热分解吸热双重机制，有效抑制热量蔓延。本文综述了复合相变材料在电池冷却、加热及热失控防护中的应用策略，剖析了材料储热性能与热导率平衡对热管理效果的影响，并探讨了柔性、阻燃改性与化学储热机制的技术进展。当前研究需进一步提高材料的稳定性、经济性和工业化可行性，未来应重点发展多功能复合设计、智能响应技术以及规模化应用，以推动复合相变材料在动力电池热管理和热失控防护中的实际应用。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 热管理, 热失控, 相变材料, 复合材料

Abstract:

The performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries are highly affected by temperature fluctuations. At low temperatures, battery capacity decreases significantly and charging efficiency drops, while high-temperature operations accelerate performance degradation and risk initiating thermal runaway. Composite phase change materials have emerged as an effective solution battery thermal management owing to their capability for efficient thermal storage and temperature regulation across a wide range of conditions. For cooling applications, composite phase change materials with high enthalpy, high thermal conductivity, and flexibility improve the temperature uniformity of battery packs by absorbing excess heat through phase transitions and distributing it evenly across the battery system. Under low-temperature conditions, conductive composite phase change materials enable rapid self-heating through the electrothermal conversion mechanism, effectively mitigating the performance challenges faced by batteries in cold environments. To mitigate the risk of thermal runaway, flame-retardant hydrated salt composite phase change materials effectively suppress heat spread by combining both phase change heat absorption and thermal decomposition heat absorption. This review discusses the use of composite phase change materials in battery cooling, heating, and thermal runaway protection. It also explores how the balance between heat storage capacity and thermal conductivity affects the efficiency of thermal management systems. Furthermore, recent advancements are discussed, including improvements in flexibility, flame-retardant modifications, and chemical-based thermal storage mechanisms. Despite progress, challenges remain in improving the stability, cost-efficiency, and scalability of these materials. Future research should prioritize the development of multifunctional composite designs, intelligent responsive technologies, and large-scale methods to advance the practical use of composite phase change materials in thermal management and thermal runaway protection of power batteries.

Key words: lithium-ion battery, thermal management, thermal runaway, phase-change materials, composites

中图分类号:

TK 02

张新宇, 罗声豪, 吴颖欣, 刘针莹, 张立志, 凌子夜. 复合相变材料用于锂离子电池热管理和热失控防护研究进展[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(3): 1040-1053.

Xinyu ZHANG, Shenghao LUO, Yingxin WU, Zhenying LIU, Lizhi ZHANG, Ziye LING. Research progress of composite phase change materials for thermal management and thermal runaway protection of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(3): 1040-1053.

图/表 13

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表1

部分用于电池热管理和热失控防护复合PCMs对比"

复合PCMs组成	应用场景	焓值/(J/g)	热导率/[W/(m·K)]	阻燃性	性能	电池种类	参考文献
三水乙酸钠+尿素+膨胀石墨+有机硅	散热	181.0	4.96	热释放率和有效燃烧热几乎为0	2C放电倍率下最高温度52.3 ℃，最大温差4 ℃	Sanyo 18650电池组	[24]
石蜡+SEBS+h-BN	散热	127.8	2.7	—	6C放电倍率下最高温度45 ℃，最大温差4 ℃	8.6 Ah棱柱电池组	[16]
石蜡+SEBS+膨胀石墨	散热和加热	159.9	1.49	—	30 ℃下经过10次充放电循环后温度降低3.9 ℃；-20 ℃下加热速率12.9 ℃/min	棱柱电池和18650电池组	[27]
石蜡+NR+膨胀石墨	散热	156.5	3.4	—	3C放电倍率下最高温度45 ℃，最大温差2 ℃	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[28]
20% OP28E纳米相变乳液	散热	44.1	0.53~0.60	—	2C放电倍率下最高温度44.6 ℃，最大温差2.5 ℃	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[32]
10%石蜡纳米相变乳液	散热	23.9	0.55~0.62	—	9C放电倍率下最高温度46 ℃，最大温差3.5 ℃	8 Ah棱柱电池组	[33]
RT44HC+膨胀石墨	保温	134.3	9.57	—	47 ℃降至 -10 ℃时间延长约1750 s；2C放电倍率下最大温差8.5 ℃	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[36]
六水氯化钙+CMC	加热	127.8	—	—	5 ℃下加热速率7.5 ℃/min，放电容量提升9.87%	3.2 Ah 18650电池	[37]
石蜡+膨胀石墨	散热和加热	166.2	2.77	—	3C放电倍率下温度低于50 ℃；-40 ℃下加热速率13.4 ℃/min，最大温差3.3 ℃	18650电池组	[9]
石蜡+二氧化硅气凝胶	热失控防护	79.24	0.051	UL-94测试中达到V-0级	完全阻止热失控传播	40 Ah棱柱电池组	[44]
石蜡+膨胀型阻燃剂+碳化硅+膨胀石墨	散热和热失控防护	112.9	4.022	—	2C放电倍率下最高温度降低7.4 ℃；热失控传播延长90 s	Sanyo 18650和10 Ah NCM软包电池组	[20]
三水乙酸钠+膨胀石墨	热失控防护	793.4	4.96	—	完全阻止热失控传播	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[45]
三水乙酸钠+尿素+膨胀石墨	热失控防护	1000	9.05	—	完全阻止热失控传播	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[46]
TCM40+膨胀石墨	散热和热失控防护	1276	9.1	垂直燃烧测试中达到V-0级	3C放电倍率下最高温度36 ℃，最大温差2.5 ℃；完全阻止热失控传播	2.6 Ah 18650电池组	[47]

表1

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复合相变材料用于锂离子电池热管理和热失控防护研究进展

Research progress of composite phase change materials for thermal management and thermal runaway protection of lithium-ion batteries

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