液冷数据中心余热驱动的“热泵-跨临界CO2 发电”卡诺电池热力性能分析

doi:10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0934

储能科学与技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (4): 1471-1480.doi: 10.19799/j.cnki.2095-4239.2024.0934

液冷数据中心余热驱动的“热泵-跨临界CO₂ 发电”卡诺电池热力性能分析

谭鋆¹^,⁴(), 丁若晨², 周晓宇³, 蔺新星², 苏文³(), 徐波¹^,⁴, 吴宏¹

^1.中国长江电力股份有限公司，北京 100033
^2.中国三峡集团科学技术研究院，北京 100038
^3.中南大学能源科学与工程学院，湖南长沙 410083
^4.湖北省智慧水电技术创新中心，湖北武汉 430000

收稿日期:2024-10-08 修回日期:2024-10-29 出版日期:2025-04-28 发布日期:2025-05-20
通讯作者: 苏文 E-mail:tan_yun@cypc.com.cn;suwenzn@csu.edu.cn
作者简介:谭鋆（1989—），男，本科，工程师，研究方向为热力储能、智能运维，E-mail：tan_yun@cypc.com.cn；
基金资助:
中国长江电力股份有限公司科研项目(Z152402007)

Thermal performance analysis of a Carnot battery driven by waste heat from a liquid-cooled data center coupled with a heat pump and a transcritical CO₂ power cycle

Yun TAN¹^,⁴(), Ruochen DING², Xiaoyu ZHOU³, Xinxing LIN², Wen SU³(), Bo XU¹^,⁴, Hong WU¹

^1.China Yangtze Power Co. , Ltd. , Beijing 100033, China
^2.China Three Gorges Corporation Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100038, China
^3.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
^4.Hubei Technology Innovation Center for Smart Hydropower, Wuhan 430000, Hubei, China

Received:2024-10-08 Revised:2024-10-29 Online:2025-04-28 Published:2025-05-20
Contact: Wen SU E-mail:tan_yun@cypc.com.cn;suwenzn@csu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为回收液冷数据中心余热并促进可再生能源下的绿色数据中心发展，本工作提出了一种液冷数据中心余热驱动的“热泵-跨临界CO₂发电”卡诺电池热力系统，并建立了相应的热力学模型，以评估不同工况下系统的热力性能。结果表明，在设计工况下，当储能容量为100 kW×5 h，热泵工质采用R245fa时，热泵COP可达5.23，基于热泵供热的发电效率达13.28%，卡诺电池的往返效率为67.64%。进一步，本工作研究了关键运行参数对系统性能的影响规律，发现系统的往返效率随热泵蒸发器过热度的增加而提升，随高低温水箱温度、发电循环泵出口压力和冷凝温度的增加而下降。其中，当发电循环的冷凝温度低于18 ℃时，系统的往返效率可超过100%。此外，本工作还对系统运行参数的敏感性进行了分析。结果表明，发电循环冷凝温度对系统往返效率的影响最显著。

关键词: 卡诺电池, 热泵, 跨临界CO₂发电, 液冷数据中心, 余热回收

Abstract:

To recover waste heat from liquid-cooled data centers and advance the development of green data centers utilizing renewable energy, this study proposes a Carnot battery system driven by waste heat from liquid-cooled data centers. The system consists of a heat pump and a transcritical CO₂ power cycle. A thermodynamic model is developed to evaluate the system's thermal performance under various operating conditions. The results indicate that under design conditions, with an energy storage capacity of 100 kW × 5 h and R245fa as the heat pump working fluid, the heat pump achieves a COP of 5.23. Additionally, the power generation efficiency based on heat pump heating reaches 13.28%, and the round-trip efficiency is 67.64%. The study further investigates the effects of key operating parameters—including heat pump evaporator superheat, high and low water tank temperatures, power generation cycle pump outlet pressure, and condensing temperature—on system performance. The findings reveal that round-trip efficiency increases with higher superheat in the heat pump evaporator but decreases as the power generation cycle's hot and cold water tank temperatures, pump outlet pressure, and condensing temperature rise. Notably, when the condensing temperature of the power generation cycle falls below 18 ℃, round-trip efficiency can exceed 100%. A sensitivity analysis of the system's operating parameters further highlights that the condensing temperature of the power generation cycle has the most substantial impact on round-trip efficiency.

Key words: Carnot battery, heat pump, transcritical CO₂ power generation, liquid-cooled data center, waste heat recovery

中图分类号:

TK 02

谭鋆, 丁若晨, 周晓宇, 蔺新星, 苏文, 徐波, 吴宏. 液冷数据中心余热驱动的“热泵-跨临界CO₂ 发电”卡诺电池热力性能分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2025, 14(4): 1471-1480.

Yun TAN, Ruochen DING, Xiaoyu ZHOU, Xinxing LIN, Wen SU, Bo XU, Hong WU. Thermal performance analysis of a Carnot battery driven by waste heat from a liquid-cooled data center coupled with a heat pump and a transcritical CO₂ power cycle[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(4): 1471-1480.

图/表 13

图1

图2

表1

系统主要部件能量平衡方程"

工况	部件名称	能量平衡方程
热泵循环	蒸发器1	$m f 1 = Q h 1 / (h 1 - h 4)$
	冷凝器1	$Q c o n d 1 = m f 1 ⋅ (h 2 - h 3) = m w 1 ⋅ (h h, w a t e r - h l, w a t e r)$
	压缩机	$W c o m = m f 1 ⋅ (h 2 - h 1) / η g / η m$
	压缩机	$η i s, c o m = (h 2 s - h 1) / (h 2 - h 1)$
	节流阀	$h 3 = h 4$

储热回路	加压水罐	$V w a t e r = t c h a r g e ⋅ m w 1 ⋅ 3600 = t d i s c h a r g e ⋅ m w 2 ⋅ 3600$
储热回路	加压水罐	$M w a t e r = t c h a r g e ⋅ m w 1 ⋅ 3600 = t d i s c h a r g e ⋅ m w 2 ⋅ 3600$

跨临界CO₂ 发电循环	泵	$η i s, p = (h 9 s - h 8) / (h 9 - h 8)$
	泵	$W p = m f 2 ⋅ (h 9 - h 8) / η g / η m$
	透平	$η i s, t u r = (h 5 - h 6) / (h 5 - h 6 s)$
	透平	$W t u r = m f 2 ⋅ (h 5 - h 6) ⋅ η g ⋅ η m$
	加热器1	$Q h 1 = m f 2 ⋅ (h 10 - h 9)$
	加热器2	$Q h 2 = m w 2 ⋅ (h h, w a t e r - h l, w a t e r) = m f 2 ⋅ (h 5 - h 10)$
	冷凝器2	$Q c o n d 2 = m f 2 ⋅ (h 6 - h 7)$

表1

表2

图3

表3

表4

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表5

参考文献 22

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工况	运行参数	符号	数值
数据中心液冷循环	冷却液	—	YL-70
	冷却液进口温度	T_1′	60 ℃
	冷却液出口温度	T_4′	50 ℃
	冷却液压力	P_coolant	0.1 MPa

热泵循环	工质	—	R245fa
	蒸发器窄点温差	PPTD_evap	5 ℃
	蒸发器出口过热度	T_sup,evap	10 ℃
	蒸发器压损	∆P_evap	0.03 MPa
	压缩机等熵效率	η_is,com	85%
	冷凝器1窄点温差	PPTD_cond1	5 ℃
	冷凝器1热端端差	∆T_ht,cond1	10 ℃
	冷凝器1压损	∆P_cond1	0.04 MPa
	轴承机械效率	η_m	98%
	电机效率	η_g	98%

储热回路	高温水箱温度	T_h,water	100 ℃
	高温水箱温度损失	∆T_h,loss	1 ℃
	加压水压力	P_water	0.2 MPa
	低温水箱温度	T_l,water	60 ℃

跨临界CO₂ 发电循环	净发电量	W_net	100 kW
	放电时间	t_discharge	5 h
	冷凝温度	T_cond2	25 ℃
	冷凝器2出口温度	T₇	24 ℃
	泵出口压力	P₉	10 MPa
	加热器1压力损失	∆P_h1	0.05 MPa
	加热器2压力损失	∆P_h2	0.01 MPa
	泵等熵效率	η_is,p	90%
	透平等熵效率	η_is,tur	82%
	加热器1窄点温差	PPTD_h1	5 ℃
	加热器2窄点温差	PPTD_h2	10 ℃

冷却水循环	冷却水进口温度	T_7′	18 ℃
	冷却水出口温度	T_6′	22 ℃
	冷却水压力	P_cool	0.1 MPa

性能指标	单位	文献[22]	本工作所建模型	相对误差/%
热泵COP	—	4.96	4.94	0.34
动力循环热效率	%	10	10.27	2.70
系统往返效率	%	50	48.51	2.98

参数	数值
充电参数	304.31 kW×2.43 h
放电参数	100 kW×5 h
数据中心产热量/kW	1297.83
冷凝器1放热量/kW	1590.08
加热器2吸热量/kW	753.08
冷凝器2放热量/kW	1942.50
压缩机耗电功率/kW	304.31
透平输出功率/kW	152.96
泵耗电功率/kW	52.96
热泵COP	5.23
基于热泵供热的发电效率/%	13.28
基于吸热量的发电效率/%	4.88
储电效率/%	67.64
加压水总质量/t	82.81

运行参数	热泵COP		基于热泵供热的发电效率/%		基于吸热量的发电效率/%		往返效率/%
运行参数	范围	平均值	范围	平均值	范围	平均值	范围	平均值
热泵蒸发器过热度/℃	4.79~5.23	0.09	—	—	—	—	62.04~67.64	1.12
高温水箱温度/℃	5.35~5.01	-0.07	13.52~12.96	-0.11	4.83~4.94	0.02	70.41~63.42	-1.40
低温水箱温度/℃	5.23~5.04	-0.04	—	—	—	—	67.64~64.95	-0.54
发电循环冷凝温度/℃	—	—	27.18~13.28	-0.87	8.17~4.88	-0.21	138.44~67.64	-4.43

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液冷数据中心余热驱动的“热泵-跨临界CO₂ 发电”卡诺电池热力性能分析

Thermal performance analysis of a Carnot battery driven by waste heat from a liquid-cooled data center coupled with a heat pump and a transcritical CO₂ power cycle

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